• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2018

The residual chlorine concentration is an essential factor to secure reliable water quality in the water distribution systems. The chlorine concentration decays along the pipeline system and the main processes of the reaction can be divided into the bulk decay and the wall decay mechanisms. Using EPANET 2.0, it is possible to predict the chlorine decay through bulk decay and wall decay based on the pipeline geometry and the hydraulic analysis of the water distribution system. In this study, we tried to verify the predictability of EPANET 2.0 using data collected from experimental practices. We performed chlorine concentration measurement according to various Reynolds numbers in a pilot-scale water distribution system. The chlorine concentration was predicted using both bulk decay model and wall decay model. As a result of the comparison between experimental data and simulated data, the performance of the limited $1^{st}$-order model was found to the best in the bulk decay model. The wall decay model simulated the initial decay well, but the overall chlorine decay cannot be properly predicted. Simulation also indicated that as the Reynolds number increased, the impact of the wall.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 2005

Chlorination of wastewater is recently practiced in Korea. While many researchers have studied the kinetics of aqueous chlorine(HOCl) with nitrogeneous compounds and other organic/inorganic contaminants in drinking water, the researches of wastewater chlorination are relatively few. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chlorine decay kinetics and parameters on wastewater chlorination. Chlorine decay rate increased with increasing initial chlorine concentration. The parameters affecting chlorine decay rate were different in each wastewater treatment plant. One of the most important parameters affecting chlorine decay was initial chlorine concentration, and other parameters such as $NH_3-N$, total coliform, $UV_{254}$ and Fe were also affected. The decay ratio of chlorine was decreased with increasing initial chlorine concentration, and the disinfection efficiency showed good correlation with the decay ratio.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2005

In this study, time-dependent concentration variations of VOCs from fixed furniture and Ondol floor widely used as finishing material of the floor were measured, and prediction equations were developed based on the measured results. VOCs were measured and analyzed based on EPA TO-17 and NIOSH 1500, 1501 method respectively, and GC/FID were used for the analysis of VOCs concentration. Measurements were carried out for 10 days after the installation of furniture and for 40 days after the installation of the floor in the residence constructed more than 10 years ago. In both case of floor and furniture installation, time-dependent concentration decay of VOCs can be properly converted into logarithmic scale. Especially in case of furniture, toluene showed the highest concentration and took longest time to decay. As a result of the prediction of VOCs concentration decay under different air change rate using estimated equations, concentration decay rate of indoor VOCs increased rapidly as the air change rate also increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2018

Maintaining adequate residual chlorine concentration is an important criteria to provide secure drinking water. The chlorine decay can be influenced by unstable flow due to the transient event caused by operation of hydraulic devices in the pipeline system. In order to understand the relationship between the transient event and the chlorine decay, the probability density function based on the water demand curve of a hypothetical water distribution system was used. The irregular transient events and the same number of events with regular interval were assumed and the fate of chlorine decay was compared. The chlorine decay was modeled using a generic chlorine decay model with optimized parameters to minimize the root mean square error between the experimental chlorine concentration and the simulated chlorine concentration using genetic algorithm. As a result, the chlorine decay can be determined through the number of transients regardless of the occurrence intervals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2019

This study developed prediction models of chlorine bulk decay coefficient by each condition of water quality, measuring chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water and water quality by water purification processes. The second-reaction order of chlorine were selected as the optimal reaction order of research area because the decay of chlorine was best represented. Chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water in conventional processes, advanced processes before rechlorination was respectively $5.9072(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ and $3.3974(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$, and $1.2522(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ and $1.1998(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ after rechlorination. As a result, the reduction of organic material concentration during the retention time has greatly changed the chlorine bulk decay coefficient. All the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.8 in the developed models of the chlorine bulk decay coefficient, considering the drawn chlorine bulk decay coefficient and several parameters of water quality and statistically significant. Thus, it was judged that models that could express the actual values, properly were developed. In the meantime, the chlorine bulk decay coefficient was in proportion to the initial residual chlorine concentration and the concentration of rechlorination; however, it may greatly vary depending on rechlorination. Thus, it is judged that it is necessary to set a plan for the management of residual chlorine concentration after experimentally assessing this change, utilizing the methodology proposed in this study in the actual fields. The prediction models in this study would simulate the reduction of residual chlorine concentration according to the conditions of the operation of water purification plants and the introduction of rechlorination facilities, more reasonably considering water purification process and the time of chlorination. In addition, utilizing the prediction models, the reduction of residual chlorine concentration in the supply areas can be predicted, and it is judged that this can be utilized in setting plans for the management of residual chlorine concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.78-83
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• 2018

Previous researches on the analysis of algae concentration were restricted to applying single-valued decay coefficient during simulation period, and the accuracy as well as the applicability were severely challenged. In this study, an equivalent tracking method of decay coefficient was proposed by introducing the time-series decay coefficients and restart option. Dye module in EFDC model was employed to route the temporal variation of Chl-a concentration. It was shown that the simulation results can be significantly improved up to 46% when the equivalent tracking method was activated.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.505-513
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• 2005

We measured the time-dependent concentration of VOCs emitted from Ondol floor, furniture, and the wall made of various building materials. After obtaining results from the previous measurement, we developed the estimation equations of the concentration decay, and obtained the estimated graphs for the concentration decay under different air change rates and loading factor conditions by using the estimated equations. We conducted our tests by applying our measurements to real residences for 110 days in the case of furniture and for 40 days in the case of the floor. We also conducted experiments in the cases of various wall materials for 7 days which totaled 10 times. We used the GC/FID for experiments for real residences accord-ing to the specified procedures of the NIOSH 1501, and carried out experiments for wall materials according to the specified procedures of the ASTM 5116-97. When conducting experiments for wall materials, we set the temperature and relative humidity at $23^{\circ}C$ and $50\%$, respectively. We also set the air change rate and loading factor at 0.7/h and $1.617 m^2/m^3$, respectively. Our results showed that it is possible to predict proplrly the time-dependent concentration decay of VOCs by using logarithmic functions in both cases of experiments for real residences and for wall materials. Furthermore, we found that the concentration decay rate of VOCs increased rapidly as the air exchange rate increased while the concentration decay rate decreased as the loading factor increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.861-869
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• 2012

The chlorine's residual concentration prevents the regrowth of microorganism in water transport along the pipeline system. Precise prediction of chlorine concentration is important in determining disinfectant injection for the water distribution system. In this study, a pilot scale water distribution system was designed and fabricated to measure the temporal variation of chlorine concentration for three flow conditions (V = 0.88, 1.33, 1.95 m/s). Various kinetic models were applied to identify the relationship between hydraulic condition and chlorine decay. Genetic Algorithm (GA) was integrated into five kinetic models and time series of chlorine were used to calibrate parameters. Model fitness was compared by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between measurement and prediction. Limited first order model and Parallel first order showed good fitness for prediction of chlorine concentration.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.233-237
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• 2014

The eco-friendly preservatives such as ACQ or CUAZ have been used in landscape architectural facilities these days. In this study, the decay efficacies of ACQ treatments were evaluated according to domestic veneer species, concentration of ACQ, weathering test, adhesive type, and fungus type. In case of veneer species, hinoki cypress and yellow poplar showed the highest and lowest decay resistance, respectively. And the decay resistance appeared to be greater in plywoods bonded by resorcinol resin-bonded plywood and non-weathering treated plywood than polyurethane resin-bonded plywood and weathering treated plywood.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1996

This paper describes the generation and decay phenomena of gas, vapor and particulate phase components of environmental tobacco smoke in 18 m3 controlled experimental atmosphere chamber. Real time-weighted average concentration ratios of markers were determinated at no ventilation rates and sampling durations of starting to smoking 45 min. Average concentration of major ETS markers was no significant on the mainstream smoke contents of commercial cigarette and decay ratios were dependent on first order kinetic. RSP/nicotine, solanesol and 3-EP were good predictors of ETS concentration in the public indoor field. The concentration ratio of vapor phase and particulate phase components is highly variable to assessment of indoor air quality with ETS. Key words : ETS, chamber study, ETS markers.