• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2008

Cornus controversa is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Korean populations of this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in seven populations of C. controversa. The mean genetic diversity (H) was 0.222 across populations, varying from 0.200 to 0.238. Eighty of the 93 loci (86.0%) showed detectable polymorphism in at least one population. Total genetic diversity values ($H_T$) varied between 0.192 and 0.231, giving an average overall polymorphic loci of 0.212. The interlocus variation of genetic diversity within populations ($H_S$) was high (0.167). Mean of genetic diversity in C. controversa was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among populations ($G_{ST}$) ranged from 0.169 to 0.278 with a mean of 0.216, indicating that about 21.6% of the total genetic variation was among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=1.893) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of C. controversa.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.28-33
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• 2002

This study was carried out to develop the technique for the production of high quality container seedlings of Comus controversa Hemsley. The seedlings were grown on the medium of peatmoss : perlite : vermiculite (1:1:1, v/v) in plastic net container and no-net plastic container as control for five months in the PE house. The seedlings grown in the plastic net container showed better root collar diameter growth, better development of long and fine roots, more increment of dry mass of roots and shoots than those grown in the no-net container. But the height growth of the seedlings in both container was similar. In particular the seedlings grown in plastic net container had no spiraling roots which were always observed in the control container seedlings. This result was induced by air-root pruning effect from the plastic net container.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

Objectives of this study are to make clear the vegetation structure of Hovenia dulcis community in the Korean Peninsula over ten mountains including 17 plots. The results were summarized as follows. Habitat of the community indicated that elevation ranged from 115 meter to 720 meter at the sea level, slope aspect in nearly all directions, bare rock from 0 to 90 percent, slope degree from 10$^{\circ}$ to 40$^{\circ}$, topography from valley to middle slope, the height of tree layer from 8m to 22m, the diameter at breast height from 12cm to 59cm and coverage from 65% to 95$\%$$\%$

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.81-92
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• 1998

Lately public interest in tree saps of maple and birch trees has been increased for sap drink as a natural medical beverage. To ensure tree sap drink for commercial production, species which are available in resources, their ecological regeneration characteristics in the natural forest stand, and tree sap resources should be investigated. Species for the collecting tree saps and their distribution were surveyed in the areas of Mt.Sobaek, Tanyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. Mt.Sobaek area was selected to the proper place to survey as the feasible area for tapping tree saps for the natural beverage. Feasible tree species of this area are Betula costata, Betula schmidtii, Comus controversa, Acer mono, and Acer pseudosieboldianum based on the estimated tree sap amounts. Average and maximum species diversities of surveyed area were 4.2 and 5.39, respectively. Its evenness 0.78 referred that there are actively progressing ecological regeneration among diverse tree species. Tree saps are mainly harvested at the areas of upper and lower Wonmanteo. In terms of species, the most high sap amounts were from birch sap, next Comus controversa, the 3rd Acer mono. Many measures were suggested ecologically and technically, for commercial or practical production of tree sap drinks, though Mt.Sobaek area was evaluated as improper place because of geographical and transportational limitation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.579-588
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explain relationship between community structure and their environment variables in Mt. Hwaak. Samples were collected by 101 plots using ZM phytosociological method and followed by cluster, importance value and canonical correspondence analysis. The forest vegetation classified into 8 community types such as Pinus densiflora community, Berberis amurensis community, Betula ermani community, Betula schmidtii community, Larix leptolepis community, Pinus koraiensis community, Cornus controversa community and Salix koreensis community. Altitude was considered as the highest factor correlated to the community types. Berberis amurensis community and Betula ermani community were located in upper slope area of high elevation, Comus controversa community and Salix koreensis community in valley area, and Pinus densiflora community in ridge area, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.2 s.129
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• pp.137-143
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• 2002

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 165 medicinal herbs on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity were investigated. Amongst the herbal extracts, Youngia denticulate, Platycarya strobilacea, Sedum kamtschaticum, Euscaphis japonica, and Comus controversa showed a significant inhibitory effect with above 80% at $1\;{\mu}g/ml$. Above mentioned five kind extracts, which exclude polyphenols and/or tannin by techniques for their removal, showed a mild inhibitory effect on MMP-2 activity except for Y. denticulate at the same concentration.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

To investigate the forest structure of Guryongsa-Birobong area in Mt. Chiak, four districts were selected and forty-five plots were set up at the districts. The leading dominant species of District I, the valley forest in which users' density was very high. was Pinus densiflora. That of District II, the valley forest in which users' density was high. and Districs III, the valley forest in which entering was restricted recently. was Comus controversa. That of District III, the ridge forest in which users' density high, was Quercus mongolica. Species diversities of District I, II, III, and IV were 1.3252, 1.3736, 14421, and 1.2546, respectively. DCA ordination were showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus spp. to Carpinus laxtflora in ridge and midslope forest and from Pinus densiflora through Quercus spp. to Comtus controversa and Carpinus cordata.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken for the purpose of investigation of relative durability about thirty sorts of the korean native wood and nine sorts of the wood destroying fungi Polystictus versicolor, Irpex consors. Poria vaporaria, Merulius lacrymans, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes pini, Lenzites betulina, Paxillus panuoides by means of a laboratory methods. The results obtained are; (from the table 2 to 10) 1. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Polystictus versicolor, the sap wood contained in Junipeus chinesis was calculated at 18.2%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood contained in Pinus densiflora was measured at 44.10%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 2. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Irpex consors, the heart wood contained in Butula schmidtii was calculated at 1.23%, therefore durability is very high and the heart wood contained in Quercus dentata was calculated at 26.79%, therefore durability is very low. 3. By measuring the percentage of lass in weight with regard to Lenzites betulina, the heart wood contained in Betula schmidtii was calculated at 5.33%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood with regard to Abies holophylla was measured at 45.48%, therefore durability is very low. 4. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Poria vaporaria, the sap wood contained in Fraxinus rhynchophylla was calculated at 5.57%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Paulownia coreana was calculated at 35.6%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 5. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Merulius lacrymans, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was measured at 0.09% and in the next place, the heart wood contained in Abies holophylla calculated at 0.15% did not decay almost and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was measured at 32.88%, therefore it is lower durability than any others. 6. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Schizophyllum commune, the sap wood cantained in Junipensis chinensis was calculated at 1.09%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 36.87%, it is much lower durability than any others. 7. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Trametes pini, the sap wood contained in Robinia pseudo-acacia was calculated at 1.33%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Comus controversa was calculated at 33.19%, it is much lower durability than any others. 8. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Paxillus panuoides. the heart wood contained in Zelkova serrata was calculated at 1.73%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 42.30%, therefore durability in very low. 9. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Dardalea quercina, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was calculated at 0.92%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was calculated at 32.00% therefore durability is very low. The above results are summarized as follows 1. Durability between the heart wood and the soft wood find that it is nonsignificant, while durability is higher heart wood than sap wood. 2. Special sorts including in the element like Castanea cenata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Juniperus chinensis and heart wood like Betula schmiditii and Styrax obasia are highly durable and soft wood like Cornus controversa, Populus davidiana, Salix koreensis, Celtis jessensis are lowly durable in general. 3. Among the wood destroying fungi Paxillus panuoides is highly durable and as follows. Poria vaporaria, Lenzites betulina and the Daedalea quercina is less in general and Irpex consors, Mersulius lacrymans are a middle degree.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2002

Methanol extracts from 420 samples of 173 plant species in 58 families were tested at 5000 ppm for their insecticidal and acaricidal activities against five economically important arthropod pests by spray method. The responses varied with arthropod pest species, plant species and plant tissue sampled. In a test with Nilaparvata lugens Stal, extracts from Zanthoxylum piperitum barks, Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf and Quercus salicina leaf showed potent insecticidal activity. With Plutella xylostella L., potent larvicidal activity was observed from extracts of Platycarya strobilacea wood, Meliosma myriantha barks, Sophora japonica leaf, Zanthoxylum piperitum barks, and Pinus thunbergii wood. Methanol extracts of Sophora japonica leaf and Zanthoxylum piperitum barks showed high insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura. In a test with Tetranychus urticae Koch, extract from Carpinus coreana leaf, Firmiana simplex barks, Elaeagnus macrophylla leaf, Aralia elata leaf, Comus controversa barks and Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf exhibited strong acaricidal activity. As a naturally occurring pest control agent, Zanthoxylum piperitum barks could be useful as new insecticidal and acaricidal products against various arthropod pests.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.14-20
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• 1986

These experiments were carried out to determine the ultraviolet absorption spectra of AcBr lignins(acetyl bromide lignin) from 10 hardwood species grown in Mt. Jiri. 1. There were 3 peak positions, at 249nm(max. peak), at 262-266nm(shallow min. peak) and at 270-280nm(lower max. peak). The Bj$\ddot{o}$rkman lignin and lignin sulfonatic acid spectra had shoulders, but the AcBr lignin didn't. 2. Average absorbances of the AcBr lignin at peak positions were 0.457${\pm}$0.0077 at 249nm, 0.297${\pm}$0.0029 at 262-266nm and 0.309${\pm}$0.0067 at 270-280nm. 3. Average absorptivities of the AcBr lignin at peak positions were 25.005${\pm}$0.3825 at 249nm, 16.264${\pm}$0.2347 at 262-266nm and 16.863${\pm}$0.3444 at 270-280nm. 4. AcBr lignin absorptivities in each species were as follows: 16.939${\pm}$0.3735 in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, 17.411${\pm}$0.2937 in Carpinus laxiflora, 16.579${\pm}$0.4348 in Comus controversa, 16.385${\pm}$0.4140 in Fraxinus rhynchophylla, 16.287${\pm}$0.4156 in Meliosma myriantha, 16.492${\pm}$0.1432 in Platycarya strobilacea, 16.343${\pm}$0.3177 in Prunus sargentii, 17.549${\pm}$0.3253 in Sophora japanica, 18.400${\pm}$0.2925 in Stewartia koreana, 16.245${\pm}$0.4339 in Styrax obassia. 5. As the spectra of AcBr lignin from hardwood showed the unpromounced peak from 270nm to 280nm, it was supposed that thes hardwood lignins were the guaiacyl-syringyl copolymers.