• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.356-361
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• 2014

The coal fly ash (CFA) may be utilized as an extender for organic waste composting at the same time fully expected to solve all industrial waste disposal and sawdust tribe. The main objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of CFA addition as a bulking agent for swine manure composting. To determine the suitable addition rate of CFA as a bulking agent, 0, 10, 20 and 30% of saw dust were mixed with 30, 20, 10 and 0% of coal fly ash, respectively. Compost quality for swine manure composting was to evaluate temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and phytotoxicity as germination index. Stability of compost increased with increasing levels of CFA as bulking agent during swine manure composting due to the high alkaline materials including CFA. C to N ratio in treatment added CFA was higher than that of the control without CFA. After finishing composting, germination index of lettuce and cabbage in swine manure compost added 10% of CFA was similar to the control, all the heavy metal contents were far below the stipulated standard for organic farming. These results indicated tahr coal fly ash as bulking agents might be alternative materials to save saw dust and apply industrial products for swine manure composting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.623-633
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.588-597
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently reutilize or treat food waste. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with mixture of earthworm cast (EC). Four different treatments were mixed with food waste and EC at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on mixing ratio of EC. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed in treatment mixed with food waste and EC 30%. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 104~116 depending on mixing ratio of EC. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while control (FW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, earthworm cast can be utilized for improving compost maturity by mixing with food waste and more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with earthworm cast in agricultural fields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.604-606
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• 1999

Solid animal wastes in Japan are treated mainly by composting. The composting process under controlled conditions is able to convert the wastes into high-quality organic fertilizer. Various types of composting facilities with/without forced aeration and turning device are available. Characterization of the maturing process during composting was studied, to improve the quality of compost and to make the degree of maturity. Recycling of animal wastes as compost without any environmental pollution will be closely related to the development of sustainable agriculture with organic fertilizer in Japan.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.760-767
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• 2016

Food waste (FW) has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat FW. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with vegetable waste (VW). Three different organic materials (saw dust, coco peat, and waste mushroom media) were mixed with VW at the rate of 30, 40, 50% respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 35 days and each sub samples were collected at every 5 days from starting of composting. Result showed that inner temperature of composting was increased to $60{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on varied organic materials and mixing ratio. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed when 30% of saw dust was mixed with VW. After finishing composting experiment, maturity of each compost was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 57.83~101.16 depending on organic materials and mixing ratio. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was met for fertilizer criteria while control (VW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, VW can be utilized for making organic fertilizer mixing with saw dust, coco peat and more research should be conducted to make high quality of organic fertilizer with vegetable waste.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.178-187
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Spent coffee grounds are the most valuable resource for agriculture and industry. However, it is almost thrown untreated into landfills or incineration. Composting is an efficient process for converting spent coffee to fertilizer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Composting was conducted in the compost pile (40 ㎥) equipped with a forced aeration system. Physical and chemical properties containing temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and moisture were measured through the composting period. Moreover, biological changes were examined for the composting phase using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found 7-14 phyla comprising 250-716 species from a variety phase of compost. During the composting period, Firmicutes were dominated, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. CONCLUSION: The result indicated that the use of spent coffee improved the quality of organic fertilizer and changed the microbial communities, unique to the thermal composting stage, which could enhance the composting process. These findings suggest that spent coffee composted material can provide a significant amount of nutrients, thereby supporting plant growth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

Two typical animal waste management practices, composting and stockpiling, were evaluated for their effect on the degradation of three veterinary antibiotics (VAs), chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MNS). The VAs were applied to horse manure plots subject to composting or stockpiling, and core samples were collected over a period of time. Selected buffer solutions were used to extract the VAs and analysis for concentration was conducted with solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) technique. The VAs demonstrated rapid dissipation within ten days followed by a gradual decrease in concentration until the end of the experimental period (141 days). All three VAs degraded more rapidly in the composting samples than in the stockpiling samples, particularly between 20 and 60 days of the observation period. Degradation of the three VAs generally followed a first-order kinetic model, and a fitted model with a calculated rate constant was determined for each treatment. TYL in composting showed the fastest degradation, with a calculated rate constant of $0.91day^{-1}$; the slowest degradation was exhibited by MNS in stockpiling, with rate constant of $0.17day^{-1}$. Calculated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 0.96, indicating a strong correlation between measured concentrations and fitted values in this study. Although concentration of TYL in composting treatment showed below detection limit during the test period, this study suggests that composting can reduce animal waste contaminants prior to field application as fertilizer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.676-680
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• 2009

The study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of growth and fruiting in chestnut trees by SCB (Slurry Compostion and Biofilteration) liquid fertilizer instead of Chemical fertilizer. The experiment was done between April, 2008 and September, 2009, using seven years old grafting trees 'Tsukuba'. Fertilizer treatment was designed as follows; SCB liquid fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizers and no fertilized. Results were as follows; In the 2nd year, height and basal diameter gain of 8.04% and 25.90% over than the 1st year by SCB liquid fertilizer. The number of burrs per bearing mother branch showed no significant increment by SCB liquid fertilizer but fruiting rate was higher than other treatments. These results indicated that the SCB liquid fertilizer has a value of new eco-friendly fertilizer.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1998

Cow feces excreted in cold season should be managed and composted properly, because the composted feces is distributed to pasture or cultivated land as a fertilizer in spring. Generally it is admitted that the effect of composting is suppressed by low temperature in cold season. In this study, composting piles were warmed by hot air until temperature of compost piles were reached at 35∼40$^{\circ}C$, to compare composting effect of experimental compost pile to control pile exposed in cold air. Some results obtained from the experiment during composting of cow feces mixed with bulking agent provide a possibility of active composting of organic matters in cold season. The biodegradation ratios of organic matter during composting in four types of composts were 10.2% for the rice straw, 7.7% for the rice hull, 6.4% for the sawdust and 4.3% for the control. The highest temperatures of compost piles during composting period were 76$^{\circ}C$ in sawdust, 80$^{\circ}C$ in rice hull, 68$^{\circ}C$ in rice straw, 45$^{\circ}C$ in control. Moisture content, pH, C/N, volume of compost were decreased during composting period, but EC value was increased with ionization of organic molecular by fermentation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

Poultry manure compost (PMC) as the organic fertilizer sources has a high nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, and its properties been affected by bulking agent. This study was conducted to evaluate properties of mixed organic fertilizer (MOF) containing PMC composting with sawdust and peat moss as bulking agent, and to measure a characteristics of plant growth by their application. The MOF containing 10~30 % PMC had a coincidency with its guideline in Korea. As applied with MOF containing PMC composting with sawdust (PMCS) or MOF containing PMC composting with peat moss (PMCP), dry weight of plant was increased in MOF treatments blending with 10~30 % PMCS or 10~30 % PMCP. In correlation coefficient between blending ratio of PMC in MOFs and plant growth indexes, PMCS was not significantly different, but its PMCP a positive effect (P<0.05). These results indicated that PMC was able to blend about 10~30 % as mixed organic fertilizer source, and its application increased in plant growth.