• 감성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2005

본 연구는 심미적 영향요소 중 하나인 단순$\cdot$복잡이 과연 선호도와 어떠한 관계가 있으며, 다른 심미적 차원들과의 관계를 정립하기 위한 초기 연구 과정 중 하나이다. '제품이 가져야 할 가장 기본적인 기능이 제품 형태에 표현될 때 과연 심미적 영향요소 중의 하나인 단순$\cdot$복잡이 그 기능 표현에 영향을 주는가' 그리고 '기능 표현, 단순 복잡 그리고 선호도와의 관계는 어떠한가'를 알아보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 선택된 제품들을 범주화하고 각 범주별 제품들을 대상으로 실험하여 범주별 성향을 찾고 이를 기본으로 디자인 프로세스에 적용하여 검증하도록 한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권8B호
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• pp.768-776
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 TDMA ad hoc MAC 프로토콜들의 메시지 복잡도를 분석한다. Ad hoc 네트워크의 자원은 간섭과 경쟁 기반 무선 통신 채널로 제한되기 때문에 ad hoc 알고리즘을 개발하는 데 있어 노드 수의 증가에 따른 유연한 확장성(Scalability) 문제는 주요한 연구 과제 중의 하나이다. 분석 기법을 적용한 결과, MAC 프로토콜들 중에서 TMMAC가 가장 높은 메시지 복잡도를 가졌으며, SMACS 프로토콜이 가장 낮은 메시지 복잡도를 보였다. 네트워크의 크기가 커질수록 유니캐스트에 의한 메시지 복잡도의 영향이 증가함으로, $N^2$항목을 가지고 있는 Z-MAC, BMA, TMMAC에서 Z-MAC은 노드 수의 증가에 따라 복잡도가 선형적으로 상승하는 반면, BMA와 TMMAC의 복잡도는 지수 형태로 상승함을 밝혔다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2004년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.262-269
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• 2004

Ship structures are basically an assembly of plate elements and the load-carrying capacity or the ultimate strength is one of the most important criteria for safety assessment and economic design. Also, Structural elements making up ship plated structures do not work separately, resulting in high degree of redundancy and complexity, in contrast to those of steel framed structures. To enable the behavior of such structures to be analyzed, simplifications or idealizations must essentially be made considering the accuracy needed and the degree of complexity of the analysis to be used. On this study, to investigate effect of analysis range, the finite element method are used and their results are compared varying the analysis ranges. The model has been selected from bottom panels of large merchant ship structures. For FEA, three types of structural modeling are adopted in terms of the extent of the analysis. The purpose of the present study is to numerically calculate the characteristics of ultimate strength behavior according to the analysis ranges of stiffened panels subject to uniaxial compressive loads.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1702-1721
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• 2019

A workflow process (or business process) management system helps to define, execute, monitor and manage workflow models deployed on a workflow-supported enterprise, and the system is compartmentalized into a modeling subsystem and an enacting subsystem, in general. The modeling subsystem's functionality is to discover and analyze workflow models via a theoretical modeling methodology like ICN, to graphically define them via a graphical representation notation like BPMN, and to systematically deploy those graphically defined models onto the enacting subsystem by transforming into their textual models represented by a standardized workflow process definition language like XPDL. Before deploying those defined workflow models, it is very important to inspect its syntactical correctness as well as its structural properness to minimize the loss of effectiveness and the depreciation of efficiency in managing the corresponding workflow models. In this paper, we are particularly interested in verifying very large-scale and massively parallel workflow models, and so we need a sophisticated analyzer to automatically analyze those specialized and complex styles of workflow models. One of the sophisticated analyzers devised in this paper is able to analyze not only the structural complexity but also the data-sequence complexity, especially. The structural complexity is based upon combinational usages of those control-structure constructs such as subprocesses, exclusive-OR, parallel-AND and iterative-LOOP primitives with preserving matched pairing and proper nesting properties, whereas the data-sequence complexity is based upon combinational usages of those relevant data repositories such as data definition sequences and data use sequences. Through the devised and implemented analyzer in this paper, we are able eventually to achieve the systematic verifications of the syntactical correctness as well as the effective validation of the structural properness on those complicate and large-scale styles of workflow models. As an experimental study, we apply the implemented analyzer to an exemplary large-scale and massively parallel workflow process model, the Large Bank Transaction Workflow Process Model, and show the structural complexity analysis results via a series of operational screens captured from the implemented analyzer.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.777-792
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• 2022

Purpose: This paper investigates the effects of leader feedback on employee creative problem-solving behavior. It also explores the relevant conditions that maximize the above relationship from the psychological trait and task nature perspectives. Specifically we examine how employee feedback acceptance and task complexity moderate the relationship between leader's feedback behavior on follower creative problem-solving behavior. Finally the three-way interaction among leader's feedback behavior, employee feedback acceptance and task complexity is analyzed for the best conditions to maximize the positive effect of leader's feedback on creative problem solving behavior. Methods: This paper used a cross-sectional design with questionnaires administered to 411 employees working in Korean manufacturing and service firms. It applied a hierarchical regression analysis to test the hypothesized relationships including three-way interaction effect among leader's feedback behavior, follower feedback acceptance and task complexity on follower creative problem-solving behavior. Results: The empirical results of the paper indicated that the leader feedback behavior had enhanced employee creative problem-solving behavior. It was also found that follower feedback acceptance and task complexity positively moderated the relationship between leader's feedback and follower problem solving behavior. In addition, the test of three-way interaction effects also revealed that the higher the levels of both employee feedback acceptance and task complexity, the greater the positive effect of leader feedback behavior on employee creative problem solving behavior. Conclusion: This paper contributes to the leadership and creativity literatures by identifying the role of leader's behavior enhancing employee creative problem-solving behavior and the specific conditions strengthening the positive effect of leader feedback behavior on employee creative problem-solving behavior.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2022

Objective : Any traumatic event can be a risk factor, for subsequent mental disorder. However, childhood trauma, especially in interpersonal nature, is associated with later development of complex symptom patterns. This study examined the role of dissociation as a mediator between childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Methods : A pooled data of 369 psychiatric outpatients at a university-affiliated hospital was analyzed for descriptive statistics, group differences, and bivariate correlation analysis to verify a structural model. The questionnaires included the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Trauma History Screen, the Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Abbreviated PTSD checklist. Results : When other trauma variables were controlled, childhood interpersonal trauma had significant correlation with symptom complexity (r=0.155, p=0.003). Among the paths analyzed, that of childhood interpersonal trauma and dissociation showed the greatest impact on symptom complexity (b=9.34, t=5.75, p<0.001). Based on the significance of the indirect impact, the results suggest a complete mediation impact of dissociation on symptom complexity. Conclusion : This study validated that childhood interpersonal trauma impacts symptom complexity, through the sequential mediating impact of dissociation. Thus, clinicians should understand childhood interpersonal trauma, dissociation, and symptom patterns in a complex and interacting mode, and develop effective pertinent treatment strategies.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 베이지안 알고리즘이 불균형 데이터의 학습 시 나타나는 현상을 분석하고 성능 평가 방법을 비교하였다. 사전 데이터 분포를 가정하고 불균형 데이터 비율과 분류 복잡도에 따라 발생된 분류 문제에 대해 베이지안 학습을 수행하였다. 실험 결과는 ROC(Receiver Operator Characteristic)와 PR(Precision-Recall) 평가 방법의 AUC(Area Under the Curve)를 계사하여 불균형 데이터 비율과 분류 복잡도에 따라 분석되었다. 비교 분석에서 불균형 비율은 기 수행된 연구 결과와 같이 베이지안 학습에 영향을 주었으며, 높은 분류 복잡도로부터 나타나는 데이터 중복은 학습 성능을 방해하는 요인으로 확인되었다. PR 평가의 AUC는 높은 분류 복잡도와 높은 불균형 데이터 비율에서 ROC 평가의 AUC보다 학습 성능의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 그러나 낮은 분류 복잡도와 낮은 불균형 데이터 비율의 문제에서 두 측정 방법의 학습 성능의 차이는 미비하거나 비슷하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 PR 평가의 AUC는 클래스 불균형 문제의 학습 모델의 설계와 오분류 비용을 고려한 최적의 학습기를 결정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.151-164
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• 2013

A key input for the assessment of Human Error Probabilities (HEPs) with Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) methods is the evaluation of the factors influencing the human performance (often referred to as Performance Shaping Factors, PSFs). In general, the definition of these factors and the supporting guidance are such that their evaluation involves significant subjectivity. This affects the repeatability of HRA results as well as the collection of HRA data for model construction and verification. In this context, the present paper considers the TAsk COMplexity (TACOM) measure, developed by one of the authors to quantify the complexity of procedure-guided tasks (by the operating crew of nuclear power plants in emergency situations), and evaluates its use to represent (objectively and quantitatively) task complexity issues relevant to HRA methods. In particular, TACOM scores are calculated for five Human Failure Events (HFEs) for which empirical evidence on the HEPs (albeit with large uncertainty) and influencing factors are available - from the International HRA Empirical Study. The empirical evaluation has shown promising results. The TACOM score increases as the empirical HEP of the selected HFEs increases. Except for one case, TACOM scores are well distinguished if related to different difficulty categories (e.g., "easy" vs. "somewhat difficult"), while values corresponding to tasks within the same category are very close. Despite some important limitations related to the small number of HFEs investigated and the large uncertainty in their HEPs, this paper presents one of few attempts to empirically study the effect of a performance shaping factor on the human error probability. This type of study is important to enhance the empirical basis of HRA methods, to make sure that 1) the definitions of the PSFs cover the influences important for HRA (i.e., influencing the error probability), and 2) the quantitative relationships among PSFs and error probability are adequately represented.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2010

단순하고 스테이블한 머징알고리즘의 비교횟수와 관련된 worst case 복잡도를 분석한다. 복잡도 분석을 통해 소개되는 알고리즘이 m 과 n, $m{\leq}n$ 사이즈의 두 수열에 대해 O(mlog(n/m))의 비교횟수를 요구하는 사실을 증명한다. 그래서 병합에 있어서의 하계가 $\Omega$(mlog(n/m))이라는 사실로부터 우리의 알고리즘이 비교횟수와 관련해 점근적 최적 알고리즘에 해당함 을 추론가능하다. worst case 복잡도 증명을 위해 모든 입력수열로 구성된 정의구역을 두개의 서로소인 집합으로 나눈다. 그런 후 서로소인 각각의 집합으로 부터 특수한 subcase를 구별한 후 이들 subcase 각각에 대해 점근적 최적성을 증명한다. 이 증명을 바탕으로 나머지 모든 경우에 대한 최적성 또한 추론 또는 증명 가능함을 소개한다. 이로써 우리는 복잡도 분석이 까다로운 알고리즘에 대해 투명한 하나의 해를 제시한다.

• Architectural research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2019

Although many stadiums around the world have incorporated various profitable facilities, many are making conventional and cursory decisions without deep consideration of the interrelationships of different programs. This paper investigates cases in which new programs such as a hotel, a youth hostel, and a dormitory have been introduced into stadiums, showing different results. In the first part of this paper, the theoretical precedents of program combination are studied. Although Bernard Tschumi's notion of the combination of different programs presented its prophetic probability, this paper discern different approaches addressing program mixture, engendering eventually a productive modification of his notion based on the empirical observation of the cases. This paper classifies the manner of programmatic combination into complexity and hybridity, arguing that the latter transforms the spaces and gives rise to unexpected synergy, while the former merely assembles different programs. The second part compares the spaces of complexity and hybridity in stadiums. Through the plan and the section analysis of the spatial structure and the interrelationship of programs, this section reveals how the two different ways of the program combinations have had different results. In hybrid stadiums, programs are not simply gathered, but directly connected and intertwined. In the third part, the nature of the spatial transformation in the hybrid space is researched in detail. In the hybrid stadiums, the collision of the different programs changes the conception of the programs themselves and their related spaces. Hotels and stadiums are not what they once were, provoking unanticipated situations. These transformed spaces not only suggest a method of reutilizing of disused urban spaces, but also of meaningful and communicative program mixture, diversifying and vitalizing a city, not isolated islands of discrepancy. The ultimate purpose of this paper is clarifying the programmatic hybrid paradigm, surpassing complexity through the analysis of the stadium cases and illuminating the manner by which the hybridity breaks the typical tie between the program and space, to cause transformed situations.