• 유통과학연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.79-94
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• 2024

Purpose: The popularity of social media has altered how customers interact with businesses, and an increasing number of customers prefer to voice their complaints on social media. Bystanders can observe the customer complaint process on social media, but the impact of transparency on bystanders remains uncertain. Therefore, this study established and verified a model for defining the effect of transparency and service recovery types on bystanders. Research Design and Methodology: In this study, we used the internet survey platform "So Jump" to collect data. And we validated three studies with SPSS 26.0 and Smart PLS 4.0. Result: First, we showed that the transparency process (vs. result) is more likely to increase customer forgiveness and E-loyalty and reduce E-NWOM intention among bystanders. Second, customer forgiveness also plays a complementary mediating role between transparency and E-loyalty, as well as between transparency and E-NWOM intention. Finally, we found a modest interaction effect between transparency (process vs. result) and service recovery types (psychological vs. tangible vs. hybrid) on bystanders' customer forgiveness and E-loyalty. Conclusions: This study provides actionable recommendations for how service managers can effectively employ social media as a means for distributing feedback information to manage service recovery in the future.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1176-1185
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• 2023

Introduction: Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is the most common subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aims to synthesize evidence on the efficacy and safety of various herbal medicines for the treatment of NERD. Methods and analysis: Ten electronic databases will be examined: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Citation Information by Nii, Korean Medical Database, Korean Studies Information Service System, National Digital Science Library, and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System. All randomized controlled trials published from inception to May 2023 that meet the eligibility criteria will be selected. Two independent researchers will extract data, such as publication year, study design, intervention details, outcome measures, main results, and adverse events. The risk of bias and quality of evidence will be assessed, and subgroup analyses will be performed according to the type of control intervention and herbal medicine. The analysis process will be conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software. Discussion: This review will present a summary and rationale for herbal medicine's effectiveness in treating NERD. The findings of this review can help those who want to apply herbal medicine to the treatment of NERD.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.217-230
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• 2023

Methods for designing the post-tensioned anchorage zones at ultimate limit state has been specified in current design codes based on strut-and-tie models (STM). However, it is still not clear how to estimate the serviceability behavior of the anchorage zones. The serviceability is just indirectly taken into account by means of the reasonable reinforcement detailing. To address this issue, this paper is devoted to developing a modified strut-and-tie model (MSTM) to predict the behavior of concentric anchorage zones throughout the loading process. The principle of stationary complementary energy is introduced into STM at each load step to satisfy the compatibility condition and generate the unique MSTM. The structural behavior of anchorage zones can be achieved based on MSTM from loading to failure. Simplified formulas have been proposed to estimate the first cracking load, bearing capacity and maximum crack width with the consideration of the details of reinforcement bursting bars. The proposed model provides a definite method to control the bursting crack width in concentric anchorage zones. Four specimens with different bearing plate ratios have been designed and tested to validate the proposed method.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

Interior design has diverse functions and roles according to recent changes in life and cultural style. As the meaning of space varies, the furniture as another element of the space should also be planned and included in the beginning of the project to accomplish its functional role on the finished space and not only be placed. The relationship between Interior space and furniture should be studied and understood at the same realm because they have a complementary relationship. The final destination of design, which is very challenging to accommodate people, the designer needs to approach to the interior space and furniture in a cognitive view. The study of Semiotics views in a knowledgeable and epistemological way every element as a sign and by the relationship of their characters it makes to understand the structure of the signs. Charles Sanders Peirce, a leader of Semiotics in USA, classified the structure of Sign into Representamen, Object and Interpretant to complete the theory which could systematically describe physical characteristic and function of the Sign and its significance in practical use. Peirce stated that all nine types of Sign would be generated if each structure of Sign in combined with three categories of Sign such as Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. In this study, based on Peirce's nine types of Sign, the interrelationship between space and furniture in interior design was investigated with examples in Living Space, Office Space, and Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Representamen, which can be classified into Qualisign, Sinsign, and Legisign, it is a feature of Living Space to be expressed in harmonized and stabilized ways. In Office Space vertical/horizontal elements and open expression are differently showed depending on fields. And splendid and interesting expressions are showed in Commercial Space. In the category of Object, which can be classified into Icon, Index, and Symbol, each function of Sign has distinctly been showed as Symbol in Living Space, Index in Office Space, and Icon in Commercial Space, respectively. In the category of Interpretant, which can be classified into Rheme, Dicisign, and Argument, it was found that space image of Living Space is transferred to human being, Office Space regulates human bing, and Commercial Space binds human being with the space. In conclusion the function of the interior space and the furniture could be explained in another way with re-interpretation of interrelationship among interior space elements in the concept of Semiotics. It is expected that interpretation with Semiotics in interior design will grow to new theory of design.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

도로 설계속도, 주행속도, 제한속도가 보완적 관계를 가지고 있음에도 불구하고, 이들 세 가지 속도의 상호 작용에 대한 검토가 미흡하였다. 이런 맥락에서 본 연구는 세 가지 속도의 상관성 조사를 위해 지방부의 왕복 4 차로 도로 구간에서 주행속도 자료를 측정하였다. 95 백분위 주행속도를 도로설계기준과 지점별 기하구조 요소로부터 결정되는 곡선부의 추정 설계속도와 상호 비교한 결과, 지점별 추정 설계속도가 100km/h 이하인 조건에서는 주행속도가 추정 설계속도 보다 높게 나타났고, 추정 설계속도가 130km/h 이상의 조건에서는 반대의 현상이 나타났다. 제한속도와 주행속도를 비교한 결과, 제한속도 80km/h 지점에서는 직선부의 85 백분위 주행속도가 $95{\sim}110km/h$ 사이로 나타났고, 제한속도 90km/h 지점에서는 $105{\sim}120km/h$ 사이로 나타났다. 다중 회귀 분석을 이용하여 접근 직선부와 곡선부 중간 지점에서 평균, 85 백분위, 95 백분위 주행속도를 예측하기 위한 모형식 개발을 시도하였다. 분석 결과, 제한속도가 증가할수록 곡선부의 평균 주행속도, 85 백분위 주행속도가 증가하는 것으로, 직선부에서는 제한속도가 증가하고 접근 직선의 연장이 길어질수록 평균, 85 백분위, 95 백분위 주행속도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2015

방사성폐기물 처분시설을 보유하고 있는 국가들은 방사성폐기물 처분시설 시스템의 이해도 제고 및 신뢰성 증진을 위해서는 다양한 보조지표를 선정하여 평가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 처분시설에 적용되는 국외 처분시설의 보조지표들을 조사하고, 우리나라 월성 중·저준위 방사성폐기물 처분시설에서 근계지역의 공학적 방벽과 원계지역의 자연방벽 성능평가를 위해 연속적인 방벽에서의 방사성 핵종 이동을 보여줄 수 있는 방벽 간의 방사성 핵종 플럭스를 보조안전지표로 선정하여 적용하였다. 처분시설의 정상시나리오를 콘크리트 사일로의 건전조건과 열화조건으로 나누어 방벽별 성능평가를 수행하였으며, 방사성 핵종에서 방벽별 지연성능 기여도를 확인하였다. 콘크리트가 건전한 경우에서 공학적 방벽의 방벽별 상세성능을 파악하였으며, 열화콘크리트의 경우, 공학적 방벽의 성능저하도 및 자연암반과의 상대적 중요도를 정량적으로 확인하였다. 향후본 연구 결과는 2단계 표층처분시설 설계 최적화 및 방벽성능의 검증방법으로 활용할 수 있다. 아울러, 향후에는 처분시설의 Safety Case 구축과 안전성의 이해 제고 및 신뢰성 증진을 위하여 지속적으로 보조지표를 추가 선정하여 평가하고자 한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2015

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate whether information asymmetry could explain capital structures in Korean corporations. According to Myers (1984), firms prefer internal funding to external financing due to the costs associated with information asymmetry. When external financing is necessary, firms prefer to issue debt rather than equity by the same reasoning. Since Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999), numerous studies continue to debate the validity of the theory. In this paper, we show how the theory depends on assumptions and incorporated variables. We hope our investigation can provide helpful implications regarding capital structure, information asymmetry, and other firm characteristics. Specifically, our empirical results are complementary to the analysis of Son and Lee's (2015), a recent study that examines the pecking order theory prediction for Korean retail firms. Research design, data, and methodology - We test empirical models that are some variants of model used in Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999). The financial and accounting data are provided by WISEfn for the firms listed on the KOSPI during 1990 to 2013. Bond ratings are supplied by the Korea Investor Service (KIS). We take into account the heterogeneity in debt capacity; a firm's debt capacity is measured by using the method of Lemmon and Zender (2010) based on its bond ratings. Finally, we estimate empirical models suggested by Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999), Frank and Goyal (2003), and Lemmon and Zender (2010). Results - First, we find that Shyam-Sunder and Myers' (1999) prediction fails to explain total debt changes of Korean firms. Second, we find a non-monotonic relationship between total debt changes and financial deficits with respect to debt capacity. This contradicts the prediction of Lemmon and Zender (2010) that argues the pecking order theory survives with a monotonically increasing relationship. Third, we estimate a negative correlation coefficient between financial deficit and current debt changes. The result is the complete opposite of the prediction of Lemmon and Zender (2010). Finally, we also confirm the non-monotonic relationship between non-current debt changes and financial deficits with respect to debt capacity. Yet, the slope of coefficient is smaller than that of total debt change case. Indeed, the results are, to some extent, consistent with the prediction of pecking order theory, if we exclude the mid-debt capacity firms. Conclusions - Our empirical results complementary to the analysis of Son and Lee (2015), a recent study focusing on capital structure in Korean retail firms; their paper suggests interesting topics regarding capital structure, information asymmetry, and other firm characteristics in Korean corporations. Contrary to Son and Lee (2015), our results show that total debt changes and current debt changes are inconsistent with the prediction of Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999). However, similar to Son and Lee (2015), non-current debt changes are consistent with the pecking order prediction, in the case of excluding the mid-level debt capacity firms. This contrast allows us to infer that industry characteristics significantly affect the validity of the pecking order prediction. Further studies are needed to analyze the economics behind this phenomenon, which is beyond the scope of our paper. In addition, the estimation bias potentially matters regarding the firm-level debt capacity calculation. We also reserve this topic for future research.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.163-176
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• 2009

Objectives : To address most probable and suitable method for designing clinical trial intervening Traditional Korean Herbal Medicine on hwa-byung. Study Design : A systematic review of research studies of complementary and/or alternative medical(CAM) treatment of depression, and of domestic clinical trials of Traditional Korean Medicine, and of Chinese clinical trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Methods : Randomized, controlled trials(RCTs) of treatment of depression intervening herbal medicine were searched through MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases. Also, domestic RCTs intervening Traditional Korean Herbal Medicine were searched through Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal and Korean studies Information Service System(KISS). Studies were evaluated using Iadad scale and self-designed tool for this study. Results : Thirty four RCT studies( 10 from MEDLINE, 16 from CNKI, 8 domestic studies) of herbal medicine met inclusion criteria. Mean Jadad score of studies published in English was 2.8${\pm}$0.79, in Chinese 1.94${\pm}$0.77, and in Korean 2.75${\pm}$0.71. Twenty one percent of studies included pattern differentiation in their inclusion criteria. Twenty nine percent of studies used combined treatment of herbal and conventional medicine. Among studies on depression, 9% included Complementary Medical assessing tools. Conclusions : There is shortage of domestic clinical trial involving herbal medicine. In China, studies tend to focus on investigating effect of Combined treatment of herbal and conventional medicine on depression. Clinical trial(s) of hwa-byung should provide good internal validity by describing methodology for randomization, double-blinding, and attrition. Also, specific guideline for clinical trial, including Traditional Korean Medical aspects across inclusion criteria, and assessing tools is needed.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.55-78
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• 2007

Increasingly the information technology (IT) outsourcing phenomenon has been a subject of much academic research. Scholars have argued that knowledge complementarities playa crucial role in forming successful IT outsourcing relationships. However, notwithstanding the fast growth of IT outsourcing, prior studies on IT outsourcing have not included knowledge complementarities in their research design as a determining factor for IT outsourcing effectiveness. Further, the understanding of knowledge complementarities itself remains ambiguous. In this study, the concept of knowledge complementarities is explored in the IT outsourcing context at the firm level. Specifically, it addresses the following questions: what is knowledge complementarities? How does it affect IT outsourcing effectiveness? Is the relationship between knowledge complementarities and IT outsourcing effectiveness influenced by organizational trust between the client and the vendor? Grounded in the relevant theories to knowledge management and IT outsourcing, we develop a research model in which both the main effects of knowledge complementarities and organizational trust and the moderating effect of organizational trust on the relationships between knowledge complementarities and IT outsourcing effectiveness are tested. Within this research model, we develop a second order construct of knowledge complementarities, consisting of complementary business knowledge and complementary IT knowledge as the first order constructs. We have used data from a field study of 103 firms in Korea to test the proposed model. Controlling the effects of conflict resolution efforts, our empirical analysis found significant main effects of knowledge complementarities and organizational trust on IT outsourcing effectiveness. The results suggest that knowledge complementarities between the client and vendor positively contribute to IT outsourcing effectiveness. Specifically, the client needs to have enough IT knowledge to assess the quality of IT outsourcing services provided by the vendor. Meanwhile, the vendor should understand the client's business well enough to provide IT services, Contrary to our expectations, the moderating effect of trust on the relationship between knowledge complementarities and IT outsourcing effectiveness was not supported in this study. The results also show that organizational trust between client and vendor significantly influences IT outsourcing effectiveness. As for contributions of this study, we have not only clarified the concept of knowledge complementarities, but also developed an instrument to measure the concept and empirically validated it. Further, we have tested the idea that knowledge complementarities and trust directly influence IT outsourcing effectiveness and trust moderates the relationship between knowledge complementarities and IT outsourcing effectiveness. Out results prescribe the knowledge complementarities of client and vendor as a useful path to IT outsourcing effectiveness. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications, which are discussed in the paper.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 건설 구조물에 사용되는 건설 자재 중 콘크리트 구조체에 전면 부착 시공되어 건축물의 내외부로부터 스며들거나 넘쳐흐르는 물을 막을 수 있는 차단마감재인 방수재료에 있어 가속 환경 조건 속의 지하 외벽에서의 방수 성능 설계의 일환으로 내진 성능 설계가능성을 제안하고 그 품질검증 시험방법에 대해 검토하였다. 국내외 건설자재 내진설계 현황을 살펴보았을 때, 국내의 경우 아직까지 현행법상 건축 과정에서의 내진설계 규제는 있지만 자재에 대한 규제는 없어 내진용 제품군이 드물고 대부분 시공법에 의존하고 있는 상황이다. 국외의 경우 일본, 캐나다, 독일과 같이 비구조재에 내진성능을 부여한 다양한 건축자재가 개발되고 있음을 확일 할 수 있었고, 이러한 내진설계 개념은 앞장에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 지하 콘크리트 구조체에 전면접착 혹은 부분 부착되어 시공되는 선행 외방수재료에 있어 지진에 대한 보완 대응력을 가질 수 있다면 내진 설계된 구조체와 함께 누수 예방 및 방지 기술로서 그 적용성을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.