• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.19-22
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• 2017

Purpose - To control exorbitant interest rates, implementation of an interest rate ceiling is a standard practice in microfinance. However, there are pros and cons of such market intervention. Hence, the aim of this short note is to highlight issues and challenges regarding the interest rate cap in microfinance, both from the perspective of clients and institutions. Research design, data, and methodology - While the nature of this short note is explanatory and descriptive, the research methodology used relevant data from the MixMarket and Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) annual reports in Bangladesh. Results - We argue that an interest rate ceiling is detrimental both for the clients and microfinance institutions (MFIs). This market intervention substantially reduces the outreach of MFIs and clients are most likely to pay a higher price in the long-run. Additionally, an interest rate cap also puts severe pressure on new-born and high-cost MFIs to cope with the interest rate ceiling. Conclusions - Although market intervention may be necessary in the short-run, it should not be the ultimate solution to abate high interest in microfinance. Understanding the operational dynamics of MFIs, as well as promoting productivity, efficiency and competition could help to lower the interest rates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.391-395
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• 1999

Barnyardgrass had relatively higher growth vigor at the earlier growth stage than inbred rice did, showing the 2 fold higher $\alpha$-amylase activity during the periods of germination and large leaf area Expansion with high net photosynthetic rate at the earlier autotrophic stage, but it performed weak growth at the late growth stage. However, the hlybrid rice Shanyou 63 had significantly higher $\alpha$-amylase activity and net photosynthetic rate than that of barnyardgrass, exhibiting heterosis for two physiologica1 traits during the germination (6~12 days) and autotrophic phase, respectively. Accordingly, hybrid rice, Shanyou 63, exhibited heterotic effect at the early growing stage when were presented with barnyardgrass. Shanyou 63 exhibited stronger tillering ability, faster leaf area expansion and higher net photosynthetic rate than those of barnyardgrass.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.371-396
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• 2006

To see the implication of trade policy in endogeneous growth model, we introduce trade protection that takes the form of an import tariff and represents one plus the rate of protection provided to industry sector. We showed that considering goodness of fit of regression model, we can see that the empirical evidence is strongly in favor of the character of trade policies as the instrument spurring economic growth. As for import tariff, we see that 1% increase in the rate of tariff that protect domestic market causes the rate of growth to increase by 0.87%. An import tariff to final product significantly spurs product development and faster growth come as a result. But, we should note that the effects of trade policy are muted by the induced changes in the output of intermediates in an economy that is relatively unproductive in the research lab.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2001

The effects of rate of phase separation to ester interchange reactions and the repulsive pair interaction energy on the phase behavior in a phase-separated immiscible polyester blend are investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation method. The time evolution of structure factor and the degree of randomness are monitored as a function of homogenization time. When the phase separation is dominant over ester interchange reactions, the domain size slowly increases with homogenization time. However, when the pair interaction becomes less repulsive, the domain size does not significantly change with homogenization time. On the other hand, when ester interchange reactions are dominant over the phase separation, the homogenization proceeds without a change in the domain size. The higher the extent of phase separation, the lower the increasing rate of the DR. However, when the phase separation is sufficiently dominant, the effect of the extent of phase separation on the increasing rate of the degree of randomness become less significant.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.813-818
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• 2013

In order to understand the co-culture impact of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi on the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we examined the filtration rate of the sea squirt in relation of water temperature ($5-25^{\circ}C$) and body weight. The filtration rate increased in relation to body weight and water temperature, indicating a clear positive correlation with the two variables. Due to the clear positive correlation between filtration rates at each temperature groups for acceptable collinearity, each constants at regression equation was further analyzed for a unified model of filtration rate. Therefore the filtration rate of H. roretzi was estimated as: Fr (L/h/animal)=$(0.1956+0.0182T){\times}DW^{0.7978EXP(-0.0273T)}$ for water temperature in the range of $5-25^{\circ}C$. The estimated filtration rates of H. roretzi were higher than those of C. gigas in the winter season (water temperatures below $16^{\circ}C$) in condition of equal body weight. Our results indicate that H. roretzi may have an advantage over C. gigas in food competition during the winter season when the two species are co-cultured.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.166-177
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• 1998

Combustion characteristics of natural gas premixed flames is studied experimently and numerically by adopting a counterflow as a flamelet model in turbulent flames. Flame speeds are measured by employing LDV, and the results show that flame speed increases linearly with strain rate, which agrees well with numerical results. Parametric dependences of extinction strain rates are studied numerically with detailed kinetic mechanism to show that the addition of ethand to a methane premixed flame makes the flame more resistant to strain rate. The effect of pressure on the extinction strain rate is that the extinction strain rate increases up to 10 atm and them decreases, which is explained by competition of chain branching H+O2=OH+O and recombination reaction H+O2+M=HO2+M. Detailed mechanism having seventy-four step is systematically reduced to a nine-step and a five-step thermal NOx chemistry is reduced to two-step. Comparison between the results of the detailed and the reduced mechanisms demonstrates that the reduced mechanism successfully describes the essential features of natural gas premixed flames including extinction strain rate and NOx production.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to investigate the competition in mono-and binary-associations of four forage species; ochardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Potomac), tallfescue (Festuca arundinacea Scnreb, cv. Fawn), white clover (Trifolium repns L. cv. California), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv. Kenland) as affected by different sowing rate. Each species was grown in interspecific stands in field. And samplings of shoot were taken at first cliping stages. The interspecific competition was evaluated by calculating traditional methods: aggressivity, relative yield total (RYT), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), and compensation index (CI) with shoot dry matter production and calories of nutrient ingredient of each species in mono-and binary-mixture. Compared mixture with monoculture. RYT based on dry weight was lucrative in mixture except for orchardgrass-redcover (1:0.1,1:1). RYT of calculated calories with produced nutrients was in inlucrative in mixture of orchardgrass-redclover's 1:0.1 mixture by RYT<1.0. Generally, RYT was the highest in mixture of 1:0.5 sowing rate. Aggressivity of grass was poor competition tendency that raised up legume's sowing rate, particularly, with whiteclover. In grasses, tallfescue was stronger competitor than orchardgrass with legume in mixture, RCC of grasses against legume's growth was depressed in higher sowing rate with legume. Grass's growth depression was severer with whiteclover than redclover in mixture.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.5-8
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• 2002

The erbium doped fibre ring laser (EDFL) is modelled using the standard propagation and rate equations of a homogeneous, two-level gain medium. The EDFL numerical simulations provide comparable results with the experimental data. The process of lasing mode competition and mode selection is clearly depicted and explained.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.11b
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• pp.451-453
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• 1998

Global competition of automotive market, affordable prices of electronic components, and tougher regulations on emission, fuel economy, and safety become the major reason that automotive industries rapidly employ a large number of electric and electronic systems. Considering that the application of electronic technologies for automobile is increasing at a rapid rate, it would be worthwhile to evaluate the trend of the uses of major electric and electronic systems for the 21st century vehicle. The major technology will be leaded by 32/64-bit microcontroller, on-chip flash memory, hybrid ASICs, IGBT, and smart sensors.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.86-93
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the injuries of the national elite Taekwondo players with the best performance in the international championship competition. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two athletes who got the injury in the 2011 Gyeongju World Taekwondo Championship competition were included in this sturdy. 950 members of national team of 146 countries participated in this game, 1,063 matches were performed. We analyzed the characteristics of the injuries such as injury rate by gender, age, weight class, injured region and injury type. Results: Fifty-two athletes of 950 athletes in 1,063 matches got injured and injury rate was 5.47 per 100 participants and 24.47/1,000 athlete-exposures. Injury rate of female athletes was higher than mail, but there was no significant statistical difference (p=0.512). Injury rate of over 30 years old was 17.39 per 100 participants, and injury rate of over 87 kg in male weight class and 68 to 73kg in female weight class were highest than other groups, but there was no significant statistical difference (p=0.838). Overall injury rate of the lower extremity was 13.17/1,000 A-E, higher than upper extremity or head and neck or trunk, but injury rate of the hand was 5.17/1,000 A-E, highest as a specific injured region, followed by the knee, 4.70/1,000 A-E (p=0.714). Injury rate of the sprain was 10.81/1,000 A-E, highest as an injury type, the second most common injury type was the fracture, 5.40/1,000 A-E in men, and was the contusion, 9.63/1,000 A-E in women (p=0.033). As one of the most serious injury, 4 of 8 fractures were occurred in hand. Conclusion: Overall injury rate of the elite Taekwondo players in 2011 Gyeongju World Taekwondo Championship was 5.47 per 100 participants and 24.46 per 1,000 athlete exposures. Although the most common type of injury was the sprain of the knee and ankle, the fractures were more commonly occurred in hand.