• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.805-812
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the association between diabetes mellitus and community periodontal index in Korean adults. Methods: The study populations were recruited by the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Study subjects were 10,411 who were examined oral examination, blood test, and aged over 19 years. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, the variables were adjusted for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mess index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing. Periodontal tissue examination of the subjects was performed and scored by Community periodontal index(CPI). Using probe, six teeth were examined for hemorrhage, plaque, and pocket depth and classified into $CPI_0$, $CPI_1$, $CPI_2$, $CPI_3$ and $CPI_4$. Healthy periodontal groups($CPI_{0-2}$) and periodontal disease groups($CPI_{3-4}$) were divided by the periodontal disease status. The definition of diabetes mellitus(DM) was decided by the diagnosis by the doctors and fasting blood sugar level. Those who were diagnosed as DM were included in DM group. The DM variables included normal blood sugar level, increased fasting blood sugar level, and DM blood sugar level. The DM variables were compared to periodontal disease blood sugar level and analyzed. Results: The periodontitis prevalence rate was 23.2%. Those who had diabetes mellitus accounted for 5.5% of the subjects. Those who had impaired fasting glucose accounted for 17.7% and 7.9% of subjects were diabetes mellitus by blood test. In the confirmed diabetes group by doctor, the periodontitis prevalence rate was significantly higher than the non-diabetic group. Diabetic group by blood test had the highest prevalence rate of periodontitis than those who had impaired fasting glucose group or normal group. After adjusting for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing, the risk of periodontitis in diagnosed diabetes mellitus was 1.57 times(95% CI; 1.27-1.94) higher than the normal group. In impaired fasting glucose group and diabetes mellitus group by blood test, the risk of periodontitis was 1.11 times(95% CI; 0.95-1.30) and 1.45 times(95% CI; 1.45-2.12) higher, respectively. Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis in Korean adults. These results suggest that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for periodontitis.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.943-952
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the systemic osteoporosis of Korean adults on their periodontal diseases and CPI index based on the data of their systemic osteoporosis. Methods : The third-year raw data of the 4th 2009 National Health & Nutrition Survey that turned out to be representative and reliable were utilized. The subjects in this study were 7,285 adults who were over the age of 19 and got both of health and dental checkups. As for data analysis, the statistical packages PASW 19.0 and SAS 9.0 were employed. Results : The most periodontal diseases were found in those who had osteoporosis in the entire parts, entire femur, femoral neck and spiral bone, but there was no significant relationship between periodontal diseases and osteoporosis. As for the connections between peridontal diseases and osteoporosis, the adults who had femoral neck osteoporosis had a 2.057-fold less bone mass than those who had a normal bone density in this part, and the former's periodontal diseases increased in proportion to that. There was consequently a statistically significant relationship between the two(p<0.05). Among the prevalence factors of osteoporosis, a lower entire femur bone mineral density led to a lower CPI index(p<0.01), and a lower femoral neck bone mineral density led to a higher CPI index(p<0.05). Thus, there was a significant relationship between osteoporosis and the oral health indicator. Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings confirmed that in terms of the relationship among the periodontal diseases, CPI index and osteoporosis of Korean adults, a higher risk of osteoporosis affected the increase of chronic periodontal diseases.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2013

This study sought to explore the relationships between health behavior, oral health behavior and community periodontal index away the adult in korea. The date of 'The fifth korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2010' was analyzed for this study. The questionnaire was measured regarding health behavior, oral health behavior, community periodontal index and socio-economic characteristics. For statistical analysis, the SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used. We determined frequencies, percentage and determining statistical significance using multiple regression analysis. General characteristics showed differences in community periodontal index associated with residence, gender, age, income level, education, division of basic livelihood security. Health behavior showed differences in community periodontal index associated with smoking, AUDIT. Oral health behaviors showed differences in community periodontal index associated with dental care treatment, utilization of dental hospitals, dental check up, tooth brushing, use oral health supplies. In conclusion, in order to reduce community periodontal index of the adult, the importance and needs of periodontal status should be emphasized. periodontal status related education and program for the adult should be operated.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2016

Purpose: This study evaluated the predictive performance of a combination of self-report questionnaires, salivary hemoglobin levels, and age as a non-invasive screening method for periodontitis. Methods: The periodontitis status of 202 adults was examined using salivary hemoglobin levels, responses to 10 questions on a self-report questionnaire, and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The ability of those two variables and the combination thereof with age to predict the presence of CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 was assessed using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 were present among 79.7% and 46.5% of the sample, respectively. The area under the ROC curves (AUROCs) of salivary hemoglobin levels for predicting prevalence of CPI scores of 3-4 and 4 were 0.63 and 0.67, respectively (with sensitivity values of 71% and 60% and specificity values of 56% and 72%, respectively). Two distinct sets of five questions were associated with CPI scores of 3-4 and 4, with AUROCs of 0.73 and 0.71, sensitivity values of 76% and 66%, and specificity values of 63% and 69%. The combined model incorporating both variables and age showed the best predictive performance, with AUROCs of 0.78 and 0.76, sensitivity values of 71% and 65%, and specificity values of 68% and 77% for CPI scores of 3-4 and 4, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of salivary hemoglobin levels and self-report questionnaires was shown to be a valuable screening method for detecting periodontitis.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.399-410
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influencing factors of metabolic syndrome on the periodontal disease in the Korean adults over 40 years old. Methods: The data were extracted from the Fifth National Health Nutrition Survey 2010. The subjects were adults over 40 years old. The periodontal diseases were examined by direct survey. The questionnaire consisted of the general characteristics of the subjects, oral health behavior, metabolic syndrome, and relation to periodontal diseases. CPI(community periodontal index) was measured. CPI indicates periodontal condition and classified into alveolar arch of the upper jaw and the lower jaw. A periodontal disease is defined as $CPI{\geq}3$(over 4 mm). The variables for metabolic diseases included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and obesity measured as BMI. Results: Diabetes mellitus is closely related to periodontal diseases prevalence. Low level of HDL increase the periodontal diseases. Number of toothbrushung, use of dental floss and interdental toothbrush as for the number of toothbrushing, more than twice toothbrushing a day, and use of dental floss and interdental toothbrush reduced periodontal diseases. Conclusions: The risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults over 40 years old were sex, age, residence, monthly income, education level, smoking, diabetes and low HDL cholesterol.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

2009년 제 4기 3차년도 국민견강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 우리나라 성인의 치주질환과 당뇨병의 관련성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 지역사회치주지수와 혈액검사를 통해 당뇨병을 진단받거나 공복혈당장애에 대한 검사와 당화혈색소 자료가 모두 있는 만 19세 이상의 성인 4,830명이 최종분석대상자가 되었다. 치주질환의 유병률은 성별에 따라서는 남자인 경우, 연령에 따라서는 나이가 많은 경우, 월평균가 수수입과 교육수준이 낮을수록, 흡연 경험이 있고 현재 흡연자일수록, 음주량이 많을수록 높게 나타났다. 당뇨병의 경우 남자인 경우, 나이가 많고, 현재 흡연자일수록, 교육수준과 소득수준이 낮고 음주량과 간식섭취가 많을수록 유병률이 높게 나타났다. 공복혈당수치에 따른 치주질환 유병률은 공복혈당 100 mg/dl 미만은 38.6%, 100 mg/dl 이상은 57.9%로 나타나 100 mg/dl 이상에서 치주질환이 많았다(p<0.0001). 공복혈당장애의 위험은 지역사회치주지수검사에서 CPI가 0~ 2인 그룹을 기준으로 하였을 때 CPI가 3~4인 그룹이 2.18배 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2020

Purpose: Many home care treatments can be used to promote the health and longevity of dental implants; however, few studies are available to support the concept that self-performed oral hygiene behaviors are an essential tool for improving and maintaining oral health. We investigated age-stratified associations between dental health behaviors related to tooth brushing (TB) and oral hygiene product use in Korean adults with implants. Methods: A total of 1,911 subjects over 19 years of age who had 1 or more implants and who participated in the 2013 to 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were reviewed. Periodontal status was assessed using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) scores, and periodontitis was defined as a CPI greater than or equal to 3. The complex sampling design of the survey was utilized to obtain the variance and individual weight of each analyzed factor. A high CPI was the outcome variable, and the main explanatory variables were oral hygiene behaviors, such as TB, dental floss (DF), interproximal brushing, and mouth rinsing. Results: Almost all individuals with a lower CPI brushed their teeth twice or more per day, in contrast to those with a higher CPI, and were likely to use DF. The adjusted odds ratio of not using DF for a higher CPI was 1.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.49). Conclusions: TB was implemented more than twice a day by patients with good oral health, and the combination of TB and DF significantly reduced the prevalence of a higher CPI. Self-performed oral hygiene practices combining TB and DF were significantly related to a low prevalence of periodontitis in implant patients.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2014

본 연구는 제4차 국민건강영양조사 자료를 바탕으로 직장 및 가정 내 간접흡연에 노출되는 자를 연구대상으로 하였다. 대상자들을 성별, CPI 및 간접흡연 노출여부를 기준으로 비교 분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 간접흡연 노출자는 남성 380명, 여성 1,519명으로 조사되었으며, 간접흡연 노출여부에 따른 코티닌 농도는 노출군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 둘째, 치은염(CPI 1, 2)과 간접흡연의 관계는 남성은 치과방문횟수(p<0.001), 여성은 연령(p<0.001) 및 치과방문횟수(p<0.001)와 관계가 있었다. 셋째, 치주염(CPI 3, 4)와 간접흡연의 관계는 남성은 연령(p<0.001), 여성은 연령(p<0.001), 간접흡연 노출여부(p<0.001)와 관계가 있었다. 넷째, 치주상태에 따른 치주상태별(CPI 1~4) 코티닌 농도 차이는, 남성은 CPI 1, CPI 4에서, 여성은 모든 CPI 군에서 노출여부에 따른 큰 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 간접흡연 노출여부가 여성의 치주상태에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 효과적인 치주치료는 물론 국민 구강건강증진을 위해 간접흡연 위해성을 확대 고취시키고 비흡연자를 보호할 수 있는 적극적인 금연정책이 실행되어야 할 것으로 고려된다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.815-824
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between obesity and periodontal diseases in adults. Methods: The subjects were 6,762 adults over 19 years old selected from the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013). The study instruments included periodontal status of periodontal diseases, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). Periodontal status was evaluated by community periodontal index (CPI). Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of periodontal diseases was higher in male, older aged people, undereducated people, current smokers, and those having poor cognition for toothbrushing (p<0.001). The rate of obesity by BMI and WC was higher in male, older aged people and current smokers. The rate of obesity was lower in well-educated people and good practice of toothbrushing (p<0.001). The prevalence of periodontal diseases by BMI showed 0.565 times lower in underweight population, 1.302 times higher in overweight population, and 1.311 times higher in highly obese population than normal population. The prevalence of periodontal diseases by waist circumferences showed 1.404 times higher in obese population than the normal population (p<0.05). Conclusions: It is very important to promote periodontal disease prevention and education for obese population in Korea. The risk of periodontal diseases can be preventable by decrease of BMI and WC.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.991-997
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between body mass index(BMI) and periodontal disease in Korean adult from the data of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES). Methods: The subjects were 3,309 adults from 25 ro 45 years old in the fifth KNHANES. The subjects were divided into three BMI categories: normal weight 1,549(BMI ${\leq}22.9kg/m^2$), overweight 792(BMI $23.0-25.0kg/m^2$) and obesity 968(BMI ${\geq}25.0kg/m^2$). Periodontal disease was assessed by community periodontal index(CPI) and periodontitis was defined as ${\geq}$ code 3. Results: Increased BMI adults had no significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis than those having normal body weight after adjusting for variables; the odds ratio(OR) was 1.06 in overweight and 1.23 in obesity. BMI and periodontitis had no significant relation to increased age, but the age increase tended to have high odds ratio. Women had a higher OR than men. Conclusions: Through this study, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the obesity index and periodontitis in the further study.