• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1987

To investigate the forest structure of Mt. Bukhan. ranging from Seoul to Kyongkido, twenty plots were set up by the vegetation physiognomy and vegetation analysis was carried out. According to the leading dominant tree species in canopy stratum, forest communities were classified into three large groups of natural forest communities, semi-natural forest communities and artificial forest communities, and each of them covered 82.64, 7.03, and 5.71% of Mt. Bukhan area, respectively. Pure or mixed natural forest communities of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica were major forest communities and covered 70.8% of Mt. Bukhan area. The important planted tree species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus rigida, and Alnus birsuta and they were mainly planted at the southern slope and roadside. The degree of human disturbance of vegetation of 8, 7, and 6 area covered 82.64, 0, and 12.74%, respectively. According to forest dimensions, most of forest communities were young aged forests of which mean DBH was 20cm and canopy height below 10m. However, a few mature forest communities of Pinus densiflora or Quercus mongolica were found in the small area. The range of Shannon's species diversity of major natural forest communities, pure or mixed forest communities of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica was 1.085~1.242. According to stand dynamic analysis by DBH class distribution, the present Quercus mongolica communities arid Robinia pseudoacacia communities may last long their present forest structure and most of other communities may be succeeded to Quercus mongolica communities, however, a few communities invaded by Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus aliena-Quercus acutissima communities may be succeeded to Robinia pseudoacacia communities and Quercus aliena communities, respectively. DCA was the most effective method of this study. DCA ordination were showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus serrata. Prunus sargrntii. Sorbus alnifolia to Q. mongolica. Fraxinus mandsburica, F. rhynchophylla in the upper layer and from Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lespedeza crytobotrya trough Rhus trichocarpa. Rh. verniciflua. Rhododendron mucronulatum. Rh. schlippenbachii to Acer pseudo-sieboldianus. Magnolia sieboldii, Euonymus sieboldianus.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.208-217
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• 2020

A biopolymer based on microorganism-derived β-glucan and xanthan gum is being studied as a new eco-friendly material that stabilizes the riverbank slope, and also promotes vegetation growth. However, it is still inconclusive whether biopolymers have a positive effect on plant performance in the riverbanks which are subjected to various climatic factors and plant competitions. For a practical ecological evaluation of the biopolymers, their effect on plant growth promotion was studied in a natural environment. Considering the relationship between competition and plant community formation, the effects of biopolymers on competition were also investigated. For four plant species (Echinochloa crus-galli, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Leonurus japonicus, and Coreopsis lanceolata), the biopolymer effects under intra/interspecific competition were tested at the riverbank (20 m × 10 m) near Samjigyo Bridge in Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do. A biopolymer powder was mixed with water and commercial soil following the manufacturer's recommendations. The soil mixed with the biopolymer was filled in a pot or applied to the surface of the commercial soil with a thickness of 3 cm. Across the competition treatments, the biopolymer treatment promoted root growth of the target plant species and decreased the specific leaf area. The total biomass and shoot dry weight of P. alopecuroides increased in response to the biopolymer treatment. The competition treatment decreased the total biomass and shoot dry weight compared to the case without competition. Notably, such a competitive effect was similar in all the biopolymer treatments. Thus, biopolymers, when mixed with soil, promote the growth of some plant species, but do not appear to affect the competitive ability of plants.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-108
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• 2017

The nationwide weed survey was conducted in arable land, paddy field, upland, orchard and pasture, over whole country of Korea during 3 years from 2013 to 2015. Also, these survey were conducted in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species, and problem weeds. Weeds of arable land were composed of 619 species belonging to 81 families. Weeds occurred in paddy field were 90 species belonging to 28 families, upland weeds were 375 species of 50 families, orchard weeds were 492 species of 63 families and pasture weeds 275 species of 52 families. Among total 81 families, the Asteraceae (15.5%) was the biggest family, followed by Poaceae (13.1%), Fabaceae (5.5%), Cyperaceae (5.2%), Polygonaceae (6.3%), respectively. And these weed species were composed of annual weeds of 209 species (33.8%), winter annual of 102 species (16.4%) and perennial weeds of 308 species (49.8%). Exotic weeds naturalized in Korea were investigated as 166 species. Weed flora in Korean cultivation area have been increased as much as 13 families and 186 species for 10 years compared to 2000~2004 weed survey result of 68 families and 433 species. The increment could be resulted from the change of weed population such as increase of the herbicide-resistant and the difference of investigation method.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2020

This study aimed at investigating present research and knowledge-base on climate change adaptation in ecosystem sector and analyzed the current status of basic information on ecosystem that functions as evidence-base of climate change adaptation to deduce the suggestions for the future development for knowledge and information in biodiversity. In this perspective, a questionary survey titled as "the ecological knowledge-base and information needs for climate change adaptation" with the researchers who were engaged with adaptation studies for biodiversity in the ecosystem related-research institutes including national and 17 regional local governments-affiliated agencies in Korea. The results are as follows; current status of utilizing ecological information which supports climate change adaptation strategy, future needs for adaptation knowledge and ecological information, and activation of utilizing ecological information. The majority of respondents (90.7%) replied that the ecological information has high relevance when conducting research on climate change adaptation. However, only half of all respondents (53.2%) agreed with the real viability of current information to the adaptation research. Particularly, urgent priority for researchers was deduced as intensifying knowledge-base and constructing related information on 'ecosystem change from climate change (productivity, community structure, food chain, phenology, range distribution, and number of individuals) with the overall improvement of information contents and its quality. The respondents emphasized with the necessity of conducting field surveys of local ecosystem and constructing ecosystem inventories, advancing monitoring designs for climate change in ecosystem, and case studies for regional ecosystem changes with the guidance or guidelines for monitoring ecosystem change to enhance the quality of adaptation research and produce related information. In terms of activation for ecological information usage, national and local adaptation network should be working based on the integrated ecological platform necessary to support exchanges of knowledge and information and to expand ecosystem types in time and spatial dimension.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution patterns of wintering waterbird communities in relation to local environmental factors in the urban streams of Seoul, Korea. A field survey was conducted at 66 sites of 5 tributaries and the main channel of the Hangang River in Seoul in January 2006. The total of 65 species and 39,560 individuals were recorded in the field survey. There were 48 species and 28,989 individuals in the Hangang River, 14 species and 1,395 individuals in the Tancheon stream, 15 species and 2,306 individuals in the Jungrangcheon stream, 22 species and 5,990 individuals in the Anyangcheon, 18 species and 283 individuals in the Changrungcheon stream, and 24 species and 597 individuals in Gokrungcheon stream. The dominant species were Anas platyrhynchos (22.65%), A. poecilorhyncha (14.01%), Aythya ferina (13.26%), Aythya fuligula (8.04%), and Mergus merganser (7.03%). Among the 16 species (with 30,650 individuals) of ducks, the dabbling and diving ducks were 8 species with 18,286 individuals and 8 species with 12,364 individuals, respectively. Through the principal component analysis, the study sites were classified into four main groups according to the similarity of their waterbirds' species compositions: 3 tributaries in the urban area (Group 1), 2 tributaries in the rural area (Group 2), one in the rural area, one in the urban area, the urban area in Hangang River (Group 3) and the main channel of the Hangang River in the urban area (Group 4). Species diversity index and species evenness were the highest in Group 1, while the lowest Group 2. Analysis on their environmental factors showed that the waterbirds wintering in urban streams of Seoul prefer broad water width, low water depth and broad resting sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2007

The goal of the study is to provide basic information that can be used to come up with environmental interpretation methods that are appropriate to the conditions of urban parks. For this matter, research was conducted to find out whether the environmental interpretation that was provided to the visitors of the World Cup Park Visitor Center encouraged them to become interested in the environment and to understand how such environmental interest was related to the level of satisfaction that the visitors were experiencing from their visits to the park. At the same time, the research was designed to find out whether the park's visitors were affected differently in terms of their environmental interests and their experience depending on the two different types of environmental interpretations; Interpreter's Interpretation and Self-guiding Interpretation. Experimental result showed no statistically meaningful correlation between environmental interpretation and environmental knowledge, though the experimental group subjected to environmental interpretation was found to have higher environmental knowledge than that of the control group, which was not subjected to environmental interpretation. As for the correlation between environmental knowledge, which was acquired through environmental interpretation, and environmental interest, the group, which showed big changes in terms of the volume of environmental knowledge, was found to have higher environmental interest than that of the group, which recorded a low level of changes in the volume of environmental knowledge. Also, the difference in their level of environmental interest was big enough to be acknowledged statistically. Also environmental interest, which was created thanks to environmental interpretation, was found to affect the level of satisfaction visitors feel when visiting the park. Even though the study was intended to find out how environmental interpretation affects park visitors by means of analysis that can be proved based on facts, it was difficult to control some of the variables due to the circumstances under which the experiments were conducted. Despite this, the study can be considered meaningful in the fact that the researches and experiments were conducted at a park that is actually visited by people. It is also believed that as one of the first studies done on the World Cup Park, it could serve as a basis upon which future studies could be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.559-575
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• 2012

This study, targeting Namhan Mountain Fortress which was designated as a No. 57 national historic site and placed on the World Heritage Tentative List in 2010, was intended to identify the change of vegetation structures by reviewing past references, pictures, research data and additionally conducting a site survey. Also, it was designed to draw up measures for restoring vegetation suitable for historically and culturally valuable Namhan Mountain Fortress. According to the biotope mapping of study site, Quercus spp. forest distributed a greatest part of area with 40.8% of $2,611,823m^2$. Pinus densiflora forest, highly likely to go through ecological succession, was dispersed in the whole region of Cheongryangsan, the area from West Gate to North Gate and the ranges between South Gate to Cheongryangsan with taking 16.5%. Pinus densiflora forest with a low probability of succession amounted to 4.7% and was dispersed mainly in the forest behind Namhansan elementary school. Pinus densiflora going on the ecological succession is distributed a portion of 2.9%. And the currently dying out Pinus densiflora forest amounted to 2.1%. As a result of analysis of the vegetation structure for 19 years, the succession from Pinus densiflora forest to Pinus densiflora and succession from Quercus spp. mixed forest to Quercus spp. forest to Carpinus laxiflora forest were predicted. Additionally, Quercus spp. expanded its dominance over time. According to the characteristics of each classified zone, the site was categorized into $553,508m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape maintenance, $114,293m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape restoration, $205,306m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the disclimax, and $1,169,973m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for inducing ecological succession.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.691-709
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• 2011

This study was performed to classify habitat types depending on environmental factors and to find out distribution characteristics of functional feeding groups of aquatic insects which were collected at that habitat types. Field survey was conducted twice in a year for every spring and fall from 2007 to 2008 for 38 sites in the Geum River. During the field survey 15 environmental factors were measured at each 38 sites and analyzed by similarity analysis method to classify habitat types. The result of similarity analysis showed that the 38 sites could be grouped into 7 classes like as C1 and C3 class belong to Head water(HD), C2 and C4 and C5 class belong to Middle stream(MS), C6 and C7 class belong to Large River(LR) based on euclidean distances 4. And also, we could extract the main environmental factors affecting the classification of habitat types such as Stream Width and Elevation of physical environmental factors, Water Temperature, Conductivity and DO of chemical environmental factors, percentages of Sand, Silt and Gravel of substrate factors. Total 142 species of aquatic insects in 46 families, 9 orders were collected during the field surveys and the occurrence number of species and individuals showed high correlation with the Velocity factor and the percentage of Sand factor of each habitat types. In addition, correlation analysis between functional feeding groups and environmental factors represented that (1) Filtering-collectors(FC) affected by Velocity, Stream Width and Silt, (2) Gathering-collector(GC) affected by Velocity, (3) Predator(P) affected by Elevation, Velocity, Boulder, Conductivity and Sand, (4) Plant-piecer(PP) affected by Water Width and Silt, (5) Scraper(SC) affected by Elevation and Conductivity, (6) Shredder(SH) affected by Elevation, Boulder, DO, pH, Conductivity and Water Temperature respectively. As a result of this study, Elevation, Stream Width, Velocity, Conductivity, Water Temperature and percentage of Sand factors which were deduced by stepwise multiple regression analysis had correlations($r{\geqq}0.600$, p<0.01) with biota community inhabitation. Therefore these six environmental factors were regarded as major environmental factors that might affect highly the distribution of functional feeding groups in stream ecosystem of the Geum River.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2011

This survey of weed population by different soil moisture with paddy-upland rotation was conducted to investigate information on weed flora and its ecology between two years. Weed species were assessed in April : 2009, 2010. Soil samples were taken from each study plot to assess the impact soil moisture on the occurrence and abundance of dominance weed species. Soil water of poorly drained field ranged from 10.2~18.2% more than 11.8~14.3% of somewhat poorly drained field. Weeds of fields composed of 19 species belonging to 12 families. Among 12 families, 6 weed species belonged to Compositae (31.6%) were the biggest family, Cruciferae were 2 species (10.5%), and Rubiaceae were 2 species (10.5%), respectively. Youngia japonica had the highest summed dominance ratio(SDR) (97.0%) and followed by Conyza canadensis (92.1%), Galium spurium (35.3%) and Hemistepta lyrata (28.4%) of somewhat poorly drainage in 2009. Artemisia princeps the highest SDR (100%) and followed by Stellaria alsine(55.2%), Y. japonica (38.3%) and Nasturtium officinale (28.5%) of poorly drainage in 2009. And, Stellaria alsine had the highest SDR (86.8%) and followed by Alopecurus aequalis (77.7%), Astragalus sinicus (68.7%) and Y. japonica (46.3%) of somewhat poorly drainage in 2010. S. alsine the highest SDR (93.7%) and followed by A. aequalis (78.6%), Nasturtium officinale (31.3%) and Y. japonica (30.4%) of poorly drainage in 2010. Simpson's index was calculated to 0.12~0.23, which showed that weed occurrence with different soil moisture in paddy-upland rotation and between years was various. Similarity coefficient between years was 43.0% (2009) and 74.2% (2010), which indicate a low diversity because of the moisture in the agro-ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.525-537
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• 2018

The Korean coast is divided into the West Korea Coastal zone (WKC), the South Coastal zone of Korea (SCK), the East Korea Coastal zone (EKC), and Jeju Coastal zone of Korea (JCK). Each coastal zone has different marine environment characteristics. This study analyzed zooplankton data of KOEM (Korea Environment Management Corporation) collected in the Korean coastal waters the spring and summer of 2015 and 2016. In spring, water temperature was lowest in the JCK, and gradually increased in the order of EKC, SCK, and WKC, while in summer lowest in WKC and increased in the order of EKC, SCK, and JCK. Salinity was lowest in WKC which had many rivers flowing inland, and increased in the order of SCK, EKC and JCK in spring. In summer it was lowest in JCK and increased toward WKC, SCK, and EKC. In summer, Chlorophyll-a concentrations were generally low, but was lowest in JCK in spring. In the study area, a total of 77 species occurred, of which 50 species did in spring and 65 species in summer. The number of species was lowest in JCK and highest in SCK in spring and summer, respectively. Paracalanus parvus s. l. was the most dominant species or the second dominant species in Korean coastal areas in spring, but it was predominant in summer. In addition, in spring Acartia hongi, Calanus sinicus, Oithona similis were predominant in WKC, Oithona similis and Corycaeus affinis in SCK, O. similis and Corycaeus sp. in EKC, C. affinis and O. setigera in JCK. In summer Corycaeus spp., O. similis, A. hongi, Tortanus forcipatus were predominant in WKC, C. affinis, Pseudodiaptomus marinus in SCK, O. similis, A. omorii, Corycaeus sp. in EKC, and A. steueri, A. pacifica, Oithona sp., C. sinicus in JCK. The copepod community in the Korean coastal areas were classified into four areas, WKC-western SCK, eastern SCK, EKC and JCK according to differences in environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, Chl-a concentration, and suspended matter concentration of each coastal area.