• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.87-94
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• 2015

To analyze the space features of small-sized detached houses, this study has compared the floor plan types of detached houses and apartments. Currently small-sized detached houses are popular in Korea. The comparative analysis was focused on common residential patterns and the apartment plan. The results of space syntax were summarized as follows: four types of apartments and twelve types of small-sized detached houses were deduced by the relative spatial depth analysis. Among the sixty-seven house samples, only two of them showed the same pattern as those of apartments, which showed that each room of detached houses had distinct difference with those of apartments. According to the integration and control analysis, each space of apartments showed difference within narrow range, while the space of detached housed showed difference within wide range. In addition, the detached houses showed distinct relations between the center of space and the surroundings, and there are distinct differences between the easier layouts for access rooms and difficult ones. Moreover, the living rooms of detached houses somewhat exist under the low integration condition, and they cannot be standardized in the center of house, which are different with those of apartments. The master bedrooms of detached houses exit at the surrounding space same as those of apartments. Nevertheless the toilet is in the master bedroom which made its control lower than those of apartments.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

The common features of walking in patients with stroke include decreased gait velocity and increased asymmetrical gait pattern. The purpose of this study was to identify important factors related to impairments in gait velocity and asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. The subjects were 30 independently ambulating subjects with chronic stroke. The subjects' impairments were examined, including the isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors, knee flexors, ankle plantarflexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. Passive and active ranges of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint, ankle plantarflexor spasticity, joint position senses of the knee and ankle joint, and balance were examined together. In addition, gait velocity and temporal and spatial asymmetry were evaluated with subjects walking at their comfortable speed. Pearson correlations and multiple regressions were used to measure the relationships between impairments and gait speed and impairments and asymmetry. Regression analyses revealed that ankle passive ROM and peak torque of knee flexors were important factors for gait velocity ($R^2=.41$), while ankle passive ROM was the most important determinant for temporal asymmetry ($R^2=.35$). In addition, knee extensor peak torque was the most significant factor for gait spatial asymmetry ($R^2=.17$). Limitation in ankle passive ROM and weakness of the knee flexor were major contributors to slow gait velocity. Moreover, limited passive ROM in the ankle influenced the level of temporal gait asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. Our findings suggest that stroke rehabilitation programs aiming to improve gait velocity and temporal asymmetry should include stretching exercise for the ankle joint.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.5015-5038
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• 2018

In this paper, a novel spectral-spatial joint sparse representation algorithm for hyperspectral image classification is proposed based on multi-layer superpixels in various scales. Superpixels of various scales can provide complete yet redundant correlated information of the class attribute for test pixels. Therefore, we design a joint sparse model for a test pixel by sampling similar pixels from its corresponding superpixels combinations. Firstly, multi-layer superpixels are extracted on the false color image of the HSI data by principal components analysis model. Secondly, a group of discriminative sampling pixels are exploited as reconstruction matrix of test pixel which can be jointly represented by the structured dictionary and recovered sparse coefficients. Thirdly, the orthogonal matching pursuit strategy is employed for estimating sparse vector for the test pixel. In each iteration, the approximation can be computed from the dictionary and corresponding sparse vector. Finally, the class label of test pixel can be directly determined with minimum reconstruction error between the reconstruction matrix and its approximation. The advantages of this algorithm lie in the development of complete neighborhood and homogeneous pixels to share a common sparsity pattern, and it is able to achieve more flexible joint sparse coding of spectral-spatial information. Experimental results on three real hyperspectral datasets show that the proposed joint sparse model can achieve better performance than a series of excellent sparse classification methods and superpixels-based classification methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.9-17
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• 2004

For the problems in executing rural development, recent recognitions are that discovery, preservation, and utilization of area-unique resource are unsatisfactory, that participation of local residents was neglected, and that approach to gradual refurbishment of houses and common space of town in consideration of existing spatial pattern of the town was not adequate. Especially, neglect for exact investigation, analysis and evaluation on rural local resources is bringing about social problems such as mass production of uniform rural area and loss of local identity. In this study, rural resources were listed and resource evaluation items was designed in order to establish development direction of rural village. According to these results, for the efficient and reasonable drive of the resource evaluation system, following items are required; A premise of local development by participation of local people, Development of diversely appliable resource evaluation clauses, Establishment of development type in connection with resource evaluation clauses, Systematic management of local resource through spreading DB resource. This research was loused on unearthing direction development of rural village and theme. However, what should be reconsidered through continuous study is that resource evaluation clauses are somewhat general and not concretely illustrated. Therefore establishment of characterized development is expected through clarifying local identity and presenting direction of local development, with the importance of resource and systematic analysis in planning on rural village in the future.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2006

Purpose : Improved walking is a common goal after stroke. Although the neurodevelopmental intervention(PNF) is the most widely used approach in the walking training of hemiparetic subjects. There is little neurophysiological evidence for its presumed effects on gait symmetry and facilitation of paretic muscles during the therapeutic intervention. The study, therefore, investigated the immediate effects of gait entrainment by a PNF techniques. Methods : Included persons with stroke who were living in the community. Sixteen subjects were assigned to the experimental group participated in a measures design that evaluated the subjects with pre-treatment, post-treatment(8 weeks). Temporal-spatial parameter of gait were analysed for using the computerized GAITRite system. Intervention : Training for the experimental group was carried out 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The training sessions were comprised of 50 minutes of walking with pattern and techniques in PNF. Results : The experimental group had improvements in the functional walking ability after 8 weeks treatment and Post-treatment test scores were more significant than the pre-treatment score. The treatment group demonstrated significantly post-treatment test improvement in gait velocity, cadence and FAP. Post-treatment test scores were more significant than the pre-treatment score(p<0.05). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the PNF exercise intervention can improve functional gait ability. This study provides evidence for the efficacy of PNF treatment at improving locomotor function in chronic stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 2013

In this study, we proposed a method for electroencephalogram (EEG) classification using invariant CSP at special channels for improving the accuracy of classification. Based on the naive EEG signals from left and right hand movement experiment, the noises of contaminated data set should be eliminate and the proposed method can deal with the de-noising of data set. The considering data set are collected from the special channels for right and left hand movements around the motor cortex area. The proposed method is based on the fit of the adjusted parameter to decline the affect of invariant parts in raw signals and can increase the classification accuracy. We have run the simulation for hundreds time for each parameter and get averaged value to get the last result for comparison. The experimental results show the accuracy is improved more than the original method, the highest result reach to 89.74%.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.519-524
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• 2009

This paper describes a new sensor system for 3D environment perception using stereo structured infrared light sources and a camera. Environment and obstacle sensing is the key issue for mobile robot localization and navigation. Laser scanners and infrared scanners cover $180^{\circ}$ and are accurate but too expensive. Those sensors use rotating light beams so that the range measurements are constrained on a plane. 3D measurements are much more useful in many ways for obstacle detection, map building and localization. Stereo vision is very common way of getting the depth information of 3D environment. However, it requires that the correspondence should be clearly identified and it also heavily depends on the light condition of the environment. Instead of using stereo camera, monocular camera and two projected infrared light sources are used in order to reduce the effects of the ambient light while getting 3D depth map. Modeling of the projected light pattern enabled precise estimation of the range. Two successive captures of the image with left and right infrared light projection provide several benefits, which include wider area of depth measurement, higher spatial resolution and the visibility perception.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.151-162
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• 2005

Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver, with a prevalence estimated as high as 7%. Tc-99m red blood cell (RBC) hepatic blood pool scan with single photon omission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is extremely useful for the confirmation or exclusion of hepatic hemangiomas. The classic finding of absent or decreased perfusion and increased blood pooling ("perfusion/blood pool mismatch") is the key diagnostic element in the diagnosis of hemangiomas. The combination of early arterial flow and delayed blood pooling ("perfusion/blood pool match") is shown uncommonly. In giant hemangioma, filling with radioactivity appears first in the periphery, with progressive central fill-in on sequential RBC blood pool scan. However, the reverse filling pattern, which begins first in the center with progressive peripheral filling, is also rarely seen. Studies with false-positive blood pooling have been reported infrequently in nonhemangiomas, including hemangiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, and metastatic carcinomas (adenocarcinoma of the colon, small cell carcinoma of the lung, neruroendocrine carcinoma). False-negative results have been also reported rarely except for small hemagniomas that are below the limits of spatial resolution of gamma camera.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.125-132
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate that to see how their traditional characteristics were reflected and expressed in Hanoi vietnamese contemporary public restaurants. For this, We visited Hanoi twice to have onsite research in August 2012 and 2013. According to the results of surveying Vietnamese public restaurants, all of the 12 cases had humane characteristics reflecting Vietnam traditional culture, showing Vietnamese unique traditional characteristics including intangible elements such as natural environment, life culture elements such as food culture, and formative aesthetic elements using indigenous ornaments. Different from luxury restaurants that had trade names on the theme of historical stories related to people or places and expressed various concepts formatively using photographs of Vietnamese politics and history and ornamental elements such as tableware, however, the public restaurants were simple in theme or concept. It is probably because most of the surveyed cases were situated in the old quarter to the north of the Hoan Kiem Lake and in the area to the west of the lake and their target customers were local people, so they reflected the Vietnamese traditional residence style and common people's life rather than designing the restaurants intentionally with specific concepts. As to the spatial expression characteristics of the surveyed cases, casual restaurants in Hanoi expressed only basic structure using basic construction materials and techniques with outdoor spaces in the form of Vietnam traditional tube house, and therefore, the overall atmosphere was contemporary. In indoor spaces as well, the general level was low, using uncharacteristic common design and color and cheap finishing materials and furniture. 83% of all cases showed the pattern of VM-VM-VT, being mainly contemporary by partially adopting Vietnamese unique ornamental elements for their outdoor and indoor spaces and using traditional elements supplementarily.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7737-7742
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• 2015

Background: Cancer is one of the common causes of disability and mortality in the world. The present study aimed to define the spatiotemporal distribution of gastrointestinal tract cancers using a geographic information system (GIS) over the time period of 2007-2012 in Kermanshah-Iran. Materials and Methods: The method of studying was descriptive-analytical as well as comparative with gastrointestinal tract cancer patients based in the City of Kermanshah over the time period covered. For data analysis, the GIS and SPSS 16.0 were applied. Results: According to the pathological reports within the space of 5 years, 283 cases of gastrointestinal tract cancer (157 in males, 156 in females) were reported. The performed tests in terms of spatial distribution in the environment of GIS indicated that the disease demonstrated a clustered pattern in the City of Kermanshah. More to the point, some loci of this disease have emerged in the City of Kermanshah that in the first level, 6 neighborhoods with 29-59 cases of this disease per square kilometer and in the second level, 15-29 cases. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal tract cancer demonstrated an ascending trend within the space of 5 years of research and the spatiotemporal distribution of cancer featured a concentrated and clustered pattern in the City of Kermanshah.