• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.59-83
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• 2014

In the past, the mention of "international arbitration" would have brought to mind only commercial arbitration. However, the frequency of investment treaty arbitration has seen remarkable grow thanks to the rise of globalization and the spread of multi-national corporations. Reflecting on the current state of the world, this paper introduces the meaning, characteristics, and differences between commercial arbitration and investment treaty arbitration in the context of procedural considerations. To this end, this paper examines some major procedural differences among the said types of arbitration, by dividing commercial arbitration into institutional arbitration and ad hoc arbitration, and dividing investment treaty arbitration into ICSID arbitration and UNCITRAL Rules arbitration.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2002

Despite the frequent use of ring-stiffened cylinders as a submarine pressure hull or members of various types of offshore structure, their ultimate strength analysis methods have not been well established because of their complex structural characteristics. This paper has established the method how to use commercial softwares based on the finite element method to implement the ultimate strength analysis of ring-stiffened cylinders covering both types of initial imperfection, i.e. initial deformation and initial stress by combining two separately offered functions of common commercial finite element softwares, linear elastic buckling analysis and nonlinear stress analysis. Developed method was applied to one of the world-widely used commercial softwares. ABAQUS for the analysis of ring stiffened cylinders. This paper ends with some useful information about the imperfection sensitivity of ultimate strength ring stiffened cylinders.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.137-162
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• 1996

Today diving activity and technology are indispensable for underwater technology and offshore engineering. And then diving business is still more important to business of subsea. This study surveyed the issue of diving activity in Korea as for compared foreign diving activity. This paper analyzed the status of diving business that include commercial and sport-leisure diving business and development of commercial divers in Korea. This paper reputed the object, the necessity and the character of commercial divers. For the purpose of this study is considered in order to analyze the environment of commercial divers and propose the planning for industrial diving business. Under the present circumstance in Korea this development planning study may be restricted. but the effective planning to activate Korean commercial diving business is abstracted as follows; First, establishment of new course, grade, certificate and licence test for diver is a pre-requisite factor for the successful enactment. Second, the political assistance of concerned government authority is needed. Third, establishment of Korean diving school and medical center for divers are strongly required. Forth, setting up the department of diving activity in university.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.114-118
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• 2001

Despite the frequent use of ring-stiffened cylinders as a submarine pressure hull or members of various types of offshore sutructures, their ultimate strength analysis methods have not been well established because of their complex structural characteristics. This paper has established the method how to use commercial softwares based on the finite element method to implement the ultimate strength analysis of ring-stiffened cylinders covering both types of initial imperfections, I. e. initial deformation and initial stress by combining two separately offered functions of common commercial finite element softwares, linear elastic buckling analysis and nonlinear stress analysis. Developed method was applied to one of the world-widely used commercial softwares, ABAQUS for the analysis of ring-stiffened cylinders. This paper ends with some useful information about the imperfection sensitivity of ultimate strength of ring-stiffened cylinders.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.120-123
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• 2001

Despite the increasing necessity of accurate estimation of ring-stiffened cylinders'ultimate strength, the complex structural behavior of cylinders has made their design mainly depend on empirical formulas mostly based on limited test data rather than theoretical background. This paper has developed the imperfection method which enables the ultimate strength analysis of buckling-sensitive structures by combining two separate functions covered by common commercial finite element softwares, which are linear elastic buckling analysis and nonlinear stress analysis. Developed method was applied to two of the world most renowned softwares, MSC/NASTRAN and ABAQUS, for the analysis of ring-stiffened cylinders and unexpectedly big difference in their analysis results was found. This tells that many widely used commercial softwares have their different strong points and weak points and the choice of commercial software should be cautiously made after thorough inspection. This paper ends with some useful information about which of the two aforementioned softwares is more respectively for the linear elastic buckling analysis and the ultimate strength analysis of ring-stiffened cylinders.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.5A no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2005

This paper presents an evaluation of the interruption costs for commercial customers in Korea using customer survey methodology. When various research results are examined, the evaluation of direct interruption costs becomes much more simplified. Especially, in the case of commercial customers, it is known that the evaluation of direct interruption costs is more useful. Accordingly, this paper selected the customer survey method to evaluate the interruption costs for commercial customers in Korea considering interruption and customer characteristics.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.43-68
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• 2021

This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive review of the international rules of law on the obligations of confidentiality and its exceptions in international commercial arbitration, including the Riddick principle stemming from the common law jurisdiction. To this end, this article examines and analyzes developed countries' arbitration legislation including relevant case laws and the most recent leading institutional rules. Given the fact that the increasing use of discovery in international commercial arbitration and that the parties and practitioners in civil law countries are not familiar with the concept of the Riddick principle and its implied undertaking to a court, this article introduces the concept of the Riddick principle with some analysis for the recent case laws. Finally, this paper makes some suggestions to strengthen the compliance of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration by introducing new rules on confidentiality, inter alia, sanctions for breaching of the obligations of confidentiality.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2021

In Harbin, a network of underground commercial spaces has been developed to occupy spaces that were originally created as civil defense shelters. With the gradual extension of the local metro rail system, the existing underground commercial space is no longer an isolated regional development, but a space that represents "three-dimensional city" and coordinated development taking place in many Chinese cities. Based on the analysis of the unique development process taken in underground space of Harbin, this paper summarizes three characteristics of its early model of "fragmented development" of underground space. By conducting a comprehensive field research and survey, the researchers analyzed 472 questionnaires related to the development trend, and proposed multi-level synergistic elements for the renewal and development of underground commercial space. The paper concludes by discussing the trend of "three-dimensional and collaborative development," suitable for the development needs of the new era, and the corresponding development strategies for the renewal of underground space.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.274-278
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• 2013

Over the past several years, the building codes that govern commercial building construction have become increasingly prescriptive in nature, specifying detailed information related to the design and installation of the systems, while offering no reasoning behind their prescriptive measures. For example, metal stud framing is commonly used in commercial building construction to create bearing walls and non-bearing partition walls. BIM provides a powerful platform for developing and implementing "pre-planning" tools and methods to facilitate both engineering and administrative controls during construction. This paper discusses the use of BIM to enhance constructability for commercial building construction activities, specifically metal stud framing. Using specific real-world examples this paper demonstrates ways that BIM can be used to foresee potential construction issues and motivates and informs future uses of BIM technologies

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.133-159
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• 2019

This paper reviews 2019 new arbitration rules of Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA). JCAA has amended its Commercial Arbitration Rules, and its Administrative Rules for UNCITRAL Arbitration. Also, it has introduced a new Interactive Arbitrations Rules. These new rules take effect from 1 January 2019. First, principal amendments of JCAA Commercial Arbitration Rules are such as arbitrator impartiality, tribunal secretaries, no dissenting opinions, expedited proceedings, arbitrator fees, administrative fees. Second, JCAA's new Interactive Arbitration Rules compel communication from the arbitral tribunal to the Parties and introduce a system of fixed compensation for arbitrators. Third, JCAA's Administrative Rules for UNCITRAL Arbitration are designed to provide the minimum essentials to allow the UNCITRAL Rules to be overseen by an institution. The only significant updates focus on arbitrator remuneration. This paper presents the intent and some implications of JACC's 2019 new rules for Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) arbitration rules. Also, it seeks to provide a meaningful discussion and improvement on the facilitating of arbitration system in Korea.