• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.403-411
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• 2013

Horizontal construction projects such as oil and gas pipeline projects typically involve repetitive-work activities with the same crew and equipment from one end of the project to the other. Repetitive scheduling also known as linear scheduling is known to have superior schedule management capabilities specifically for such horizontal construction projects. This study discusses on expanding the capabilities of repetitive scheduling to account for the variance in production rates and visual representation by developing an automated alignment based linear scheduling program for applying temporal and spatial changes in production rates. The study outlines a framework to apply changes in productions rates when and where they will occur along the horizontal alignment of the project and illustrates the complexity of construction through the time-location chart through a new linear scheduling model, Linear Scheduling Model with Varying Production Rates (LSM_VPR). The program uses empirically derived production rate equations with appropriate variables as an input at the appropriate time and location based on actual 750 mile natural gas liquids pipeline project starting in Wyoming and terminating in the center of Kansas. The study showed that the changes in production rates due to time and location resulted in a close approximation of the actual progress of work as compared to the planned progress and can be modeled for use in predicting future linear construction projects. LSM_VPR allows the scheduler to develop schedule durations based on minimal project information. The model also allows the scheduler to analyze the impact of various routes or start dates for construction and the corresponding impact on the schedule. In addition, the graphical format lets the construction team to visualize the obstacles in the project when and where they occur due to a new feature called the Activity Performance Index (API). This index is used to shade the linear scheduling chart by time and location with the variation in color indicating the variance in predicted production rate from the desired production rate.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 1999

Philippine bananas were ripened at various temperatures(18$^{\circ}C$, 21$^{\circ}C$ and 25$^{\circ}C$) for 5 days and stored at 13$^{\circ}C$ and ambient temperature(13-20$^{\circ}C$) for 16 days. Their quality changes were evaluated during the storage. The color chart number and soluble solids of bananas before storage showed 4.2-5.2 and 18.7-18.8$^{\circ}$ Bx at 18$^{\circ}C$ and 21$^{\circ}C$ ripening and 5.5 and 20.1 $^{\circ}$Bx at 25$^{\circ}C$ ripening, respectively. Weight losses reached about 1% around 10 days in all storage conditions. Soluble solids increased initially for 4-6 days and then decreased slightly. Color chart number changed from 4.2-5.5 after ripening to 7 after 2-4 days storage. Blackening of 18$^{\circ}C$ and 21$^{\circ}C$ ripened bananas occurred after 4 days storage at 13$^{\circ}C$ and after 2 days storage at ambient temperature. Decay of 18$^{\circ}C$ and 21$^{\circ}C$ ripening bananas increased from 2.1% after 6 days at 13$^{\circ}C$ storage and 4.2% after 4 days at ambient temperature storage to 75-100% within 2-4 days after that times. The decay of 25$^{\circ}C$ ripened bananas rapidly increased after 2 days at 13$^{\circ}C$ storage and at the initial at ambient temperature storage.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.216-220
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• 2018

Freesia (Freesia hybrida Hort.) 'Sweet Lemon' was developed for the cut flowers in National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea in 2015. This hybrid was crossed and selected from 'Teresa' and 'Yvonne' in 2007. Morphological characteristics of the selected freesia hybrid were investigated for 5 years from 2009 to 2014, and then it was named 'Sweet Lemon' in 2015. 'Sweet Lemon' has double and lemon petals (RHS color chart Y2B). The average flower diameter was 6.8 cm and the average yield is 6.7. The growth of the plant is vigorous and the average plant height is 99.0cm, which is 34.7cm higher than the standard cultivar 'Yvonne'. The average floret number per stalk of 'Sweet Lemon' was 10.7, and stalk length was 7.7 cm. The average days to first flowering of 'Sweet Lemon', 126 days, was approximately 20 days earlier than the control cultivar. It's average vase life and yield is 8.7 days and 5.6 cormlets per plant, respectively. Totally 58 of volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the major components were linalool, alpha-terpineol, alpha-selinene, and limonene.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.181-191
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• 2014

In the past, making IR photography needed somewhat complicated process, so its application fields were limited. However, it has become easy to make IR photography with advanced digital technology, so it is expected that the fields of IR photography and existing limit due to difficult making process will be expanded. Therefore, in this study, it is decided that the need of IR standard chart which allows us to manage exposure and tone of IR photography for scientific purpose will increase. Two methods were used to make IR standard chart. First method is to use aluminum. When aluminum has oxide coating through anodic oxidation, it has high durability, corrosion resistance and heat resistance. Also, IR reflectance of aluminum can be controlled in some degree depending on the thickness of oxide coating. Second method is to use pigments. Yellow 10P150 pigment is used for the brightest patch. This pigment is appropriate in this study due to high heat resistance and IR reflectance. Carbon black is used for the darkest patch. Carbon black absorbs much IR, and its color is not faded by any source of light. IR reflectance is adjusted elaborately by mixing two pigments. Finally, 6 patches are selected with consideration for actual IR reflectance of patches. As a result, IR reflectance of random subjects can be known approximately and IR photographs can have appropriate contrast with the IR standard chart.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3427-3433
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• 2009

This paper attempted to suggest the standards of light transmittance based on the analysis of the changes in contrast sensitivity of photopic condition according to the light transmittance of tinted lenses. The subjects of the experiment were 24 male and 13 female adults with normal ocular functions. They were asked to wear four tinted lenses (gray, brown, red, and green) in turn. The light transmittance of the lenses were 80~90%, 60~80%, 43~60%, and 30~43%, respectively. Contrast sensitivities were measured by using F.A.C.T. chart. The results showed that contrast sensitivities were decreased in proportion to the decrease of the light transmittance, and visual sensitivity of brown lenses were the highest and that of red lenses were the lowest. The results of the experiments suggested that the light transmittance should be over 38% for brown, gray and green lenses, and over 52% for red lenses. Accordingly the appropriate light transmittance should be considered when tinted lenses are selected for the purpose of eye protection in everyday life.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop an excellent bodice prototype that is adapted to the body shape of middle-aged women using 3D measurement data. In the evaluation of appearance, S pattern 4.00, B pattern 2.80, E pattern 2.40, L pattern 1.40 were shown in order, and the best fit of S pattern was evaluated as excellent. As a result of looking at the color distribution chart to find out the amount, E pattern and S pattern were not space in the front bust, armhole, and the back waist line. The B pattern and the L pattern were marked in blue because of insufficiency space in the back neck. As a result of evaluation the amount of air gap in the clothing, the air gap of the bust was 0.12, which is the largest pattern of B. Next, the L pattern appears as a tight circle with smallest air gap in the order of the S pattern 0.096, the E pattern 0.08, and the L pattern 0.003. The S pattern was evaluated to be the most appropriate for the body shape of middle-aged women. But the waist and back were slightly tight. Middle-aged women have larger shoulder-related items and larger waist circumference. Therefore, when you set the perimeter item, you should add 1-2cm of space amount and give extra space to the circumference area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.959-961
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• 2011

Manure-based composts can have detrimental effects on the agricultural lands and crops if they are applied without proper stabilization process. Composting is well-known method for the stabilization of manure-based composts and the extent of composting could be examined by maturity test. Among various methods to examine compost maturity, the performances of two mechanical methods (Solvita and CoMMe-100) were examined and the test results were compared with seed germination test. The mechanical methods are considered to be simple and relatively objective. Also they are cost- and time-efficient. Ten commercially available composts collected in Korea were used for this study. Basically, the maturity determined with these mechanical methods was in good agreement with the seed germination test. However, it appeared that the index levels of compost maturity indicated more maturity by CoMMe-100 than Solvita for the same compost. The differences between maturity index levels determined by both methods were able to be minimized through extending the reaction time for CoMMe-100 and adjusting index level for maturity determination in the standard color chart.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.296-301
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• 2019

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is an integral component of ship navigation equipment, that enables mariners to view Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC). Recently, it has become possible to transport freight and energy resources via the Northern Sea Routes (NSR) as global warming has been accelerating. However, ice can impact all types of ships and the potential danger that ice poses is significant. Until now, ice, consistently proven to be one of the most dangerous threats impacting navigation in ice-covered regions, has its detailed standard in the specification of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for ECDIS. The investigations described in this paper were conducted to assess the advantages and problems of the display of ice objects on ECDIS. The experiments were conducted by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to perform ice objects with their corresponding colors and symbols. Implementation of the standardized appearance of ice objects can enable mariners to access the ice condition of seas in a short time before navigating a safe passage through potentially treacherous waters. However, remain issues that must be overcome for data on ice to be fully compatible with an ECDIS system.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.229-235
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• 1998

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of colored coatings of $SiO_2-TiO_2-M_xO_y$ (M = Co, Cr or Cu). Films of different compositions ranging from a molar content of transition metals of 5% to 20% have been prepared on soda-lime-silica slide glasses by the sol-gel process. The films have been characterized by a photospectroscopy. The color and reflectance of the films was expressed in Lab color chart and on spectra plot. 'L' as lightness and all reflectance decreased with increase of the content of transition metals. The coating of Co, Cu and Cr cotaining system showed light blue, green and lemon-yellowish color, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1999

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of colored coatings of $Al_2O_3$-CoO. Films of 25mol% CoO doped $Al_2O_3$, have been prepared on soda-lime-silica slide glasses by the sol-gel process from Al-alkoxide and Co-nitrate. The films have been characterized by a photospectroscopy and hardness tester. The color, spectral reflectance and spectral transmittance of the films was expressed in Lab color chart and on spectra plot. Microhardness of the films increased with increasing of the heating temperature. Transmittance and reflectance of the films decreased with increase of the heating temperature and coating times. The coating films showed various light-yellow, deep-yellow, greenish-yellow color as a function of the coating times and heating temperature.