• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.155-168
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• 1986

한국산 잉어에 기생하는 흡두촌충, Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis의 기생상황과 생활사를 구명하여 그 피해예방대상을 수립할 목적으로 충남 대천읍 소재 유지양어장과 전북 경친저수지 가두리 양어장산 이스라엘잉어 및 군산산 비단잉어 장내에 기생된 촌충의 기생률을 조사하였다. 검출된 촌충 충난을 실험실에서 부화시켜 copepod에 감염시킴으로써 중간숙주의 종과 procercoid의 발육과정을 조사하였다. 그리고, 감염된 copepod를 잉어 치어에 먹여, 잉어 장내에서 유충으로부터 성충에 이르는 발육과정을 조사하여 본 충의 전생활사를 완전히 구명하였다. 성숙란은 배구가 말형성된 난할기의 난이었고, 그 크기는 $47.5-55.0(50.9){\times}30.0-32.5(31.1){\mu}m$ 였다. 실온 $26{\sim}28^{\circ}C$때, 산출된 충난은 48시간 이내에 대부분이 coracidium으로 부화되었다. Termocyclops hyalinus, Paracyclops fimbriatus, Acanthodiaptomus pacificus, Daphnia sp.를 부화된 coracidium에 접촉시킨 바 Termocyclops hyalinus와 Paracyclops fimbriatus만이 감염을 나타냈고, 감염률은 각각 $93.5\%,\;75.5\%$였다. B. opsariichthydis의 유충이 Termocyclops hyalinus, Paracyclops fimbriatus에 감염된 후 14일 만에 성숙한 procercoid로 되었고 이 때의 크기는 $207-226(214){\times}90-102(94){\mu}m$, 미포는 소실되었으며 석회소체는 $40{\sim}60$개가 나타났다. 성숙한 procercoid가 감염되어 있는 Thermocyclops hyalinus를 잉어 치어가 섭취한 후 60일 경과되어 성충으로 발육되었고, 이 때의 크기는 전장 43.20-117.40(112.20)mm, 두부 $1.140-1.320(1.215){\times}l.240-1.520(1.345)mm$, 미부 최대폭 1.600-2.120(1.770)mm였고, 체절수 $186{\sim}778(493)$개였다. 1984년 8월의 이스라엘잉어에서 B. opsariichthydis의 기생률은 대천산 $55.5\%$, 경친산 $64.7\%$의 높은 기생률을 나타냈고, 1985년 7월 중순에서 8월 초순에 채집한 대천산 이스라엘잉어의 기생률은 $21.6%$, 1984년 군산산 비단잉어는 $14.9\%$의 기생률을 보였다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.375-390
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• 2009

하악 완전 무치악 환자에서 이공 사이에 2개의 임플란트를 식립한 후 4종류의 어태치먼트를 사용한 하악 오버덴쳐를 제작하여 유한요소 모델을 만들고 여기에 3가지 하중 조건을 가하여 유한요소 해석 프로그램인 ANSYS 10.0을 이용하여 어태치먼트 종류에 따른 임플란트 주위골과 보철물 및 임플란트와 골 사이 계면에 발생하는 최대 응력의 크기와 응력 분포양상을 분석하였다. 하악골체의 전체적인 골격구조에서 치아 부분은 오버덴쳐로 모델을 형성하였고 오버덴쳐와 하악골 사이에 2mm 두께의 점막을 삽입하였다. 임플란트 오버덴쳐의 유한요소 모델은 ball and socket, Locator, magnet, bar의 각각 4가지 형태를 제작하였다. 고정체의 식립 위치는 양측 이공 전방이고, 경계 조건 중 고정점은 하악각 부위와 모형의 최후방 절점들을 고정점으로 설정하였다. 하중조건은 오버덴쳐의 좌측 제 2소구치에서 제 2대구치 편측 부위에 170N의 하중을, 좌 우측 제 2소구치에서 제 2대구치 양측 부위에 170N의 하중을, $90^{\circ}$수직 방향, $45^{\circ}$경사, 그리고 $0^{\circ}$ 수평 방향으로 가하였다. 결과 분석시 모든 하중방향에서 응력의 크기는 bar에서 임플란트나 오버덴쳐에서 가장 크게 나타났으며, 계면에서의 응력은 모든 어태치먼트에서 비슷한 응력분포가 나타났다. Ball and socket, Locator, magnet에서는 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 응력의 분포도에서는 4종류의 어태치먼트 모두 임플란트 치경부에서 응력이 집중된 양상을 보였으며 bar타입에서는 bar의 중앙에 응력이 크게나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 어태치먼트의 종류에 따라 응력분포의 차이가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 어태치먼트의 선정 시 응력집중을 완화시킬 수 있는 바람직한 설계와 선택이 필요하리라 사료된다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.547-594
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• 2000

I. Introduction The essence of Oriental medicine consists of ancient books, experienced doctors and succeeded skills of common society. Many famous doctors studied medical science by their fathers or teachers. So the history of medical science is long. $\ll$DangDaeMyeongIImJeungJeongHwa(當代名醫臨證精華)$\gg$ written by SaWoogWang(史宇廣) and DanSeoGeon(單書健) has many medical experience of famous doctors. So it has important historical value. Bi(痺) means blocking. BiJeung is one kind of symptoms making muscles, bones and jonts feel pain, numbness or edema. For example it can be gout or SLE etc. So I studied ${\ll}BiJeungJuJip{\gg}$. II. Final Decision Following decisions of Chinese doctors of 20th century are as follows ; 1. JuYangChun(朱良春) emphasized on IkSinJangDok(益腎壯督) to treat BiJeong. And he devided WanBi(頑痺) as PungHanSeup(風寒濕), DamEo(痰瘀), YeolDok(熱毒), SinHeo(腎虛). He used insects for medicine. 2. ChoSuDoek(焦樹德) introduced past prescription. He used ChiBiTang(治痺湯) to treat HaengBi(行痺), TongBi(痛痺), ChakBi(着痺). He insisted that Han(寒; coldness) and Seup(濕; dampness) be Eum(陰) and Pung(風; wind) can change his character to be Eum. After all BiJeung is usually EumJeung. So he used GaeJi(桂枝) and BuJa(附子). By the way he used ChungYeolSanBiTang(淸熱散痺湯) for YeolBi, BoSinGeoHanChiWangTang SaBok(王士福) emphasized on the importance of medicine. He introduced many treatments like CheongYeol(情熱) for YeolBi and YiO(二烏) for HanBi. And he divided BiJeung period for three steps. At 1st step, we must use GeoSa(祛邪), at 2nd step, we must use BuJeong(扶正) and at 3rd step, we must use BoHyeol(補血), he insisted. And he introduced many herbs to treat BiJeung. 4. JeongGwangJeok(丁光迪) said that GaeJi(桂枝), MaHwang(麻黃), OYak(烏蘖) and BuJa(附子) are very important for TongRak(通絡). And pain usually results from Han(寒), so he liked to use hot-character herbs. 5. MaGi(馬志) insisted that BiJeung usually result from ChilJeong(七情). And he liked to use insects for treatment of BiJeung. 6. WeolSeokMu(越錫武) introduced 8 kinds of treatments and divided BiJeung period. Also he divided BeJeung for PungBi(風痺), HanBi(寒痺) and SeupBi(濕痺). 7. SeoGeaHam(徐季含) observed many patients and concluded that 86.7% of BiJeung is HeuJeung(虛症). 8. YuJiMyeong(劉志明) said that YeolBi is important and CheongYeol is also important. So he emphasized on DangGyuiJeomTongTang(當歸拈痛湯) and SeonBiTang(宣痺湯). 9. WangLiChu(汪履秋) studied cause of WanBi. Internal cause is GiHyeolHeo(氣血虛) and GanSinHeo(肝腎虛) and external cause is SaGi(邪氣) he insisted. 10. WangSaSang(王士相) said that YeolBi can be SeupYeolBi or EumHeuYeolBi(陰虛熱痺) and HanSeupBi(寒濕痺) is rare. He use WooBangJaSan(牛蒡子散) and BangPungHwan(防風丸) for SeupYeolBi, DangGyuiSaYeokTang(當歸四逆湯) for HanSeupBi. 11. JinTaekGang(陳澤江) treated YeolBi with BaekHoGaGyeJiTang(自虎加桂枝湯) and SaMyoSan(四妙散). If they don't have effect, he tried to cure BiJeung step by step. And he used e term of GeunBi(筋痺) and BangGiMogwaEIInTang(防己木瓜薏苡仁湯) was good for GeunBi. 12. MaSeoJeong(麻瑞亭) said that PungSeupYeokJeul(風濕歷節) is BiJeung and it is related to GanBinSin(肝脾腎; liver, Spleen, Kindey). And he emphasized on balance WiGi(衛氣) and YoungHeul(營血). 13. SaJeJu(史濟桂) said that GeunGolBi(筋骨痺) is similar to arthritis and sometimes called ChakBi. And SinBi(腎痺) is terminal stage of ChakBi, he said. He also used insects for treatment. 14. JeongJeNam(丁濟南) tried to cure SLE and used GyeJi, CheonCho(川椒), SinGeunCho(伸筋草), SunRyeongBi(仙靈脾), HyconSam(玄蔘) and GamCho(甘草). 15. JinGYungHwa(陳景和) emphasized on diagnosis of tongue. If the color of tongue is blue, it usually has EoHyeol(瘀血), for example. And he also used insects. 16. JuSongI(朱松毅) tried to devide YeolBi with OnByeong(溫病), Wi(衛), Gi(氣) and Hyeol(血). 17. RuDaBong(蔞多峰) said that JyeongHeo(正虛), OiSa(外邪) and EoHyeol are closely related. And he explained BiJeung by deviding the body into the part, for example head, neck, shoulder, waist, upper limb and lower limb. 18. YuMuBo(劉茂甫) defined PungHanSyubBi as chronic stage and YeolBi as acute stage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1971

Iso-butyl bromide의 합성을 시작으로 D.L-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid의 합성을, Diethyl phophite의 합성을 시작으로 D.L-1-amino-2-phenyl ethylphosphonic acid의 합성을 하였다. 합성되어진 필수 아미노산인 Isoleucine analogue phosphonic acid는 각각 0.2%, 0.4%를 식이에 첨가했고 Phenylalanine analogue phosphonic acid는 0.35%와 0.7%를 각각 첨가하였으며 Standard-1과 Standard-2군과 비교군인 Isoleucine 0.2%와 0.4% Phenylalanine 0.35%와 0.7%군으로써 총 100마리의 숫쥐로 각 7주씩 14주의 사육 실험을 하였다. 동물 사육 기간내의 뇨채취와 사육후의 각 장기의 채취로써 총 질소와 P, glycogen측정을 시도하였다. 이러한 일련의 실험결과 (1) D.L-1-amino-3-methylbuthylphosphonic acid나D.L-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid의 유기 합성에 있어서는 다 수율이 낮고 상당히 높은 융점을 보였으며 ${\alpha}-NH_2$기가 Ninhydrin 반응에 예민했다. (2) Aminophosphonic acid의 첨가군(D.L-1-amino-3-methylbutyl phosphonic acid, D.L-1-amino-2-Phenylethylphosphonic acid)에서나 Amino acid(Isoleucine, Phenylalanine)첨가군에 있어서 모든 장기의 무게, 총체내질소 보유율, 간장내 총단백질량과 인의양, 및 뇨를 통한 인의 배설량에 각각 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이로 보아서 Phenylalanine Aminophosphonic acid나 Isoleucine aminophosphonic acid가 다 보통 아미노산인 Isoleucine이나 Phenylalanine에 못지않게 체내에서 이용됨이 밝혀졌다. (3) 그러나 Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid 첨가군이 간의 glycogen 함량에 있어서 Phenylalanine 첨가군과 Standard군과 비교해 보았을때 높았으며 이는 통계적인 유의성을 나타냈다.(<0.05) 이는 Phenylalanine Aminophosphonic Acid가 active state로써 간내에서 쉽게 이용되어서 Tricarboxylic cycle의 intermediate로 incorporate되는 경향으로 생각 할 수 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.353-360
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• 1984

유전가열을 이용한 내부가열로서 어육연제품을 조리${\codt}$살균함과 동시에 내부수분을 확산${\codt}$이탈시켜 제품의 수분활성을 조절하여 상온보장이 가능한 보장성 어묵을 가공하는 방법과 제품개발을 위한 원료첨가물의 배합 및 가공조건을 검토한 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 고등어 연육의 첨가물 배합조건은 고기풀 100에 대하여 전분(옥수수 전분) $10\%$, 소금 $1.5%$, MSG $0.6\%$, sorbitol $3.0\%$, 설탕 $2.0\%$일 때가 가장 적당하였다. (2) 연제품의 형상과 크기는 두께 0.8cm, 직경 8cm의 원반형이 균일한 가열과 팽화 및 표면경화를 막는데 가장 적당하였고, 이것은 연육을 8cm 직경의 원주형으로 충전하여 이것을 열탕중에서 $2{\sim}3$분간 가열처리하여 gel시킨 후 0.8cm 두께로 절단하여 만들수 있으므로 조작이 매우 편리하였다. 동시에 열탕처리는 유전 가열시간을 단축시키는 효과도 있었다. (3) 유전가열은 $5{\sim}6$분간을 2분, $1{\codt}5$분, $1{\codt}5$분 및 1분씩으로 간헐적으로 행하는 것이 제품의 성상과 수분활성 조절 및 살균효과가 좋았다. 1단계 가열에 의하여 확산${\codt}$이탈된 수분은 $60^{\circ}C$, 3m/sec의 열풍으로 2분간 건조하고 계속적으로 600 W 전열기로 $5{\sim}6$분간 가열 표면배소와 함께 최종적으로 수분활성을 조절할 수 있었다. (4) (3)과 같은 조건으로 가공한 연제품은 수분활성 0.84{\sim}0.86, 생균수 $3{\times}10^2/g$이하, TI함량 27.6mg/g였고 texture 시험성적은 hardness 42, cohesiveness 0.53, toughness 4.6, elasticity 0.8, folding test AA였다. (5) 연제품의 일반성분 조성은 수분 $40.1\%$, 단백질 $20.8\%$, 지방 $17.4\%$, 탄수화물 $16.2\%$ 및 회분$5.5\%$였다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.89-105
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• 2014

Web2.0의 등장과 함께 급속히 발전해온 온라인 포럼, 블로그, 트위터, 페이스북과 같은 소셜 미디어 서비스는 소비자와 소비자간의 의사소통을 넘어 이제 기업과 소비자 사이의 새로운 커뮤니케이션 매체로도 인식되고 있다. 때문에 기업뿐만 아니라 수많은 기관, 조직 등에서도 소셜미디어를 활용하여 소비자와 적극적인 의사소통을 전개하고 있으며, 나아가 소셜 미디어 콘텐츠에 담겨있는 소비자 고객들의 의견, 관심, 불만, 평판 등을 분석하고 이해하며 비즈니스에 적용하기 위해 이를 적극 분석하는 단계로 진화하고 있다. 이러한 연구의 한 분야로서 비정형 텍스트 콘텐츠와 같은 빅 데이터에서 저자의 감성이나 의견 등을 추출하는 오피니언 마이닝과 감성분석 기법이 소셜미디어 콘텐츠 분석에도 활발히 이용되고 있으며, 이미 여러 연구에서 이를 위한 방법론, 테크닉, 툴 등을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 아직 대량의 소셜미디어 데이터를 수집하여 언어처리를 거치고 의미를 해석하여 비즈니스 인사이트를 도출하는 전반의 과정을 제시한 연구가 많지 않으며, 그 결과를 의사결정자들이 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 시각화 기법으로 풀어내는 것 또한 드문 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 소셜미디어 콘텐츠의 오피니언 마이닝을 위한 실무적인 분석방법을 제시하고 이를 통해 기업의사결정을 지원할 수 있는 시각화된 결과물을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국 인스턴트 식품 1위 기업의 대표 상품인 N-라면을 사례 연구의 대상으로 실제 블로그 데이터와 뉴스를 수집/분석하고 결과를 도출하였다. 또한 이런 과정에서 프리웨어 오픈 소스 R을 이용함으로써 비용부담 없이 어떤 조직에서도 적용할 수 있는 레퍼런스를 구현하였다. 그러므로 저자들은 본 연구의 분석방법과 결과물들이 식품산업뿐만 아니라 타 산업에서도 바로 적용 가능한 실용적 가이드와 참조자료가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2013

디지털 환경의 도래와 언제 어디서나 접근할 수 있는 고속 네트워크의 도입으로 디지털 콘텐츠의 자유로운 유통과 이용이 가능해졌다. 이러한 환경은 역설적으로 다양한 저작권 침해를 불러 일으키고 있으며, 온라인 쇼핑몰에서 사용하는 상품 이미지의 도용이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 올라오는 상품 이미지와 관련해서는 저작물성에 대한 시비가 많이 일어나고 있다. 2001년 대법원 판결에 의하면 햄 광고를 위하여 촬영한 사진은 단순히 제품의 모습을 전달하는 사물의 복제에 불과할 뿐 창작적인 표현이 아니라고 적시하였다. 다만 촬영자의 손해액에 대해서는 인정함으로써 광고사진 촬영에 소요되는 통상적인 비용을 손해액으로 산정하게 하였다. 상품 사진 이외의 실내사진이라 하여도 '한정된 공간에서 촬영되어 누가 찍어도 동일한 사진'이 나올 수 밖에 없는 경우에는 창작성을 인정하지 않고 있다. 2003년 서울지방법원의 판례는 쇼핑몰에 사용된 사진에서 피사체의 선정, 구도의 설정, 빛의 방향과 양의 조절, 카메라 각도의 설정, 셔터의 속도, 셔터찬스의 포착 기타 촬영방법, 현상 및 인화 등의 과정에서 촬영자의 개성과 창조성이 인정되면 저작권법에 의하여 보호되는 저작물에 해당한다고 선고하여 손해를 인정하였다. 결국 쇼핑몰 이미지도 저작권법상의 보호를 받기 위해서는 단순한 제품의 상태를 전달하는 것이 아니라 촬영자의 개성과 창조성이 인정될 수 있는 노력이 필요하다는 것이며, 이에 따라 쇼핑몰 이미지를 제작하는 비용이 상승하고 저작권보호의 필요성은 더욱 높아지게 되었다. 온라인 쇼핑몰의 상품 이미지는 풍경사진이나 인물사진과 같은 일반 영상과 달리 매우 독특한 구성을 갖고 있으며, 따라서 일반 영상을 위한 이미지 워터마킹 기술로는 워터마킹 기술의 요구사항을 만족시킬 수 없다. 쇼핑몰에서 주로 사용되는 상품 이미지들은 배경이 흰색이거나 검은색, 또는 계조(gradient)색상으로 이루어져 있어서 워터마크를 삽입할 수 있는 공간으로 활용이 어렵고, 약간의 변화에도 민감하게 느껴지는 영역이다. 본 연구에서는 쇼핑몰에 사용되는 이미지의 특성을 분석하고 이에 적합한 이미지 워터마킹 기술을 제안하였다. 제안된 이미지 워터마킹 기술은 상품 이미지를 작은 블록으로 분할하고, 해당 블록에 대해서 DCT 양자화 처리를 함으로써 워터마크 정보를 삽입할 수 있도록 하였다. 균일한 DCT 계수 양자화 값의 처리는 시각적으로 영상에 블록화 현상을 불러오기 때문에 제안한 알고리즘에서는 블록의 경계 면에 붙어있는 영상 값에 대해서는 양자화 값의 분배를 작게 하고, 경계 면에서 멀리 떨어져있는 영상 값에 대해서는 양자화 값의 분배를 크게 함으로써 영상의 객관적 품질뿐 아니라 시각적으로 느끼는 주관적 품질도 향상 시켰다. 제안한 알고리즘에 의해서 워터마크가 삽입된 쇼핑몰 이미지의 PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio)은 40.7~48.5[dB]로 매우 우수한 품질을 보였으며, 일반 쇼핑몰 이미지에서 많이 사용되는 JPEG 압축은 QF가 70 이상인 경우에는 BER이 0이 나왔다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.