• Title/Summary/Keyword: Color K-Means

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Color Quantization of Natural Images for Content-Based Retrieval (내용기반 검색을 위한 자연 영상의 칼라양자화 방법)

  • 길연희;김성영;박창민;김민환
    • Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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    • 2000.11a
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    • pp.266-270
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    • 2000
  • 내용기반 영상검색시스템에서 객체 단위로 영상을 검색하기 위해서는 영상에서 의미있는 객체를 추출하는 과정이 필수적이며, 이를 위해 영역 분할을 효율적으로 수행하기 위한 양자화가 선행되어야 한다. 일반적인 칼라 양자화 기법은 칼라 수를 줄이되 양자화 된 영상이 원시 영상과 가능할 비슷해 보이도록 하는 것을 목적으로 하지만, 영역 분할을 위한 칼라 양자화에서는 칼라의 표현보나는 의미있는 객체를 용이하게 추출할 수 있도록 양자화 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 Octree 양자화 방법과 K-means 알고리즘의 장점을 조합하여 영역 분할에 용이한 양자화 결과를 얻을 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 먼저, Octree 양자화 방법을 수행하여 얻어진 양자화 된 칼라들 중에서 시각적으로 유사한 칼라를 병합함으로써, Octree 양자화 방법의 단점인 강제 분할 문제점을 해결한다. 이어서, 병합 후의 양자화 된 칼라에 대해서만 K-means 알고리즘을 수행함으로써, 보다 빠른 시간 내에 영역 분할에 적합한 양자화 된 영상을 얻는다. 실험을 통해 제안한 방법의 효용성을 확인하였다.

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Study on Cyber Fashion for the Proposal of the Future Fashion (미래 패션 제안을 위한 사이버 패션 연구)

  • Lee, Su-Aa;Park, Hyun
    • Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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    • v.1 no.3
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    • pp.239-245
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of the future fashion by grasping the cyber fashion, which is discussed outstandingly in the recent fashion world, into internal expression and external features. The result of this study is as follows: Cyber fashion means the application of the electronic image, dynamic phenonmenon of machine, and the effects of light to fashion, and it has some external features of geometrical pattern, dynamic structure, and high-tech material and color: Aside from this noticeable characteristics, cyber fashion has some internal features of the direction toward future, the anti-culture, and the surreal. In this cyber fashion, first, computer will be introduced and used as the means to realize a dream of human being. Second, it will be designed with the ideal feature of future society. Third, it will be possible to develope material and design to solve ecological issue of human beings. Fourth, the fashion to give the peace and stability to human being will be popular.

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An Empirical Study on the Difference in Price Elasticity by Colors in the Chinese Mobile Phone Market (중국 핸드폰시장의 색상에 따른 가격탄력성 차이에 대한 실증연구)

  • Kwak, Youngsik;Hong, Jaewon;Pak, JiYoung
    • Journal of Platform Technology
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.10-18
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to empirically analyze relations between color changes in the product specification and demand changes with price elasticity in the Chinese mobile phone market. In previous studies on price elasticity, the usual analysis units were product categories or SBU within a given product category. Unlike them, the this study set an analysis unit of price elasticity to focus on colors, which are investigated in the research fields of experiential marketing, aesthetic marketing, and cognitive psychology. Actual sales data according to the mobile phone price changes by the color were based on the sales volume of a sales agency at China's largest B2C site. The findings were as follows: first, price elasticity according to the six colors was higher than the absolute value of 1, which means that demands made flexible reactions to price changes. Secondly, there were differences in price elasticity according to the colors. Aroma white color made the smallest increase in sales volume at the same price discount, whereas diamond color made the biggest increase in sales in the same price discount scope. These findings indicate that more profit can be generated in mobile phone sales in China by setting different price discount or increase rates according to colors or producing different amounts of mobile phones according to colors. Distributors or sales agents can have a chance for higher profit by ordering and selling mobile phones in certain colors than others from mobile phone manufacturers. The academic findings indicates that there are differences in preference and price elasticity according to colors under the mobile phone category in the Chinese market, which means that the present study made an academic contribution by proposing a microscopic analysis unit for product price elasticity and expanding its concept.

Design of RBFNN-based Emotional Lighting System Using RGBW LED (RGBW LED 이용한 RBFNN 기반 감성조명 시스템 설계)

  • Lim, Sung-Joon;Oh, Sung-Kwun
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.62 no.5
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    • pp.696-704
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    • 2013
  • In this paper, we introduce the LED emotional lighting system realized with the aid of both intelligent algorithm and RGB LED combined with White LED. Generally, the illumination is known as a design factor to form the living place that affects human's emotion and action in the light- space as well as the purpose to light up the specific space. The LED emotional lighting system that can express emotional atmosphere as well as control the quantity of light is designed by using both RGB LED to form the emotional mood and W LED to get sufficient amount of light. RBFNNs is used as the intelligent algorithm and the network model designed with the aid of LED control parameters (viz. color coordinates (x and y) related to color temperature, and lux as inputs, RGBW current as output) plays an important role to build up the LED emotional lighting system for obtaining appropriate color space. Unlike conventional RBFNNs, Fuzzy C-Means(FCM) clustering method is used to obtain the fitness values of the receptive function, and the connection weights of the consequence part of networks are expressed by polynomial functions. Also, the parameters of RBFNN model are optimized by using PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization). The proposed LED emotional lighting can save the energy by using the LED light source and improve the ability to work as well as to learn by making an adequate mood under diverse surrounding conditions.

Red Carpet Fashion Style - Concentrating on from 2000 to 2012's Academy Awards and Grammy Awards the comparison - (레드 카펫 패션 스타일 - 2000~2012년 아카데미 시상식과 그래미 시상식 비교를 중심으로 -)

  • Park, Min-A;Ko, Hyun-Zin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.63 no.2
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    • pp.14-28
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    • 2013
  • This study attempts to systematically analyze a red carpet style. I have researched the Academy Awards called representative film awards which symbolizes international fame and the Grammy Awards which is the most prestigious award in the music industry by subdividing into formative elements such as silhouette, color, fabric, pattern, detail, accessory, fashion image, and so on from 2000 to 2012. Firstly, when it comes to silhouette, mermaid silhouette accounts for the highest proportion in the Academy Awards. Compared to this, fit silhouette is shown almost the same percentage as the mermaid silhouette in the Grammy Awards. Secondly, with regard to color, black color has not only the highest percentage but also examples of different unit forms such as various color, showy gradation and single colors. Various colors in the Grammy Awards have similar percentage in comparison with the Academy Awards. Thirdly, in terms of fabric, silky material is often used most, which looks like putting more weight on dresses for the formative elements of clothes. Fourthly, in pattern, patternless dresses are represented by high percentage at both the Academy Awards and Grammy Awards. Dresses with patterns have mild, stylistic elements and geometric designs. The Grammy Awards shows many different unique patterns, color and size, compared to the Academy Awards. Fifthly, in detail, frill and ruffle ornaments are shown most at the Academy Awards and Grammy Awards. Especially in the Grammy Awards, beads ornaments are used most. Sixthly, in accessory, there are many accessories of graceful, elegance styles in the Academy Awards. On the contrary to this, there are many accessories to effect on many performances of large, fancy, unique styles. Seventhly, elegance images of a goddess style among fashion images emerge as fashion of the Academy Awards. In spite of romantic styles in the Grammy Awards, many various images are the same rate as there, which means different appearance of experiment and sensational styles.

Reading Children's Mind from Digital Drawings based on Dominant Color Analysis using ART2 Clustering and Fuzzy Logic (ART2 군집화와 퍼지 논리를 이용한 디지털 그림의 색채 주조색 분석에 의한 아동 심리 분석)

  • Kim, Kwang-baek
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.1203-1208
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    • 2016
  • For young children who are not spontaneous or not accurate in verbal communication of their emotions and experiences, drawing is a good means of expressing their status in mind and thus drawing analysis with chromatics is a traditional tool for art therapy. Recently, children enjoy digital drawing via painting tools thus there is a growing needs to develop an automatic digital drawing analysis tool based on chromatics and art therapy theory. In this paper, we propose such an analyzing tool based on dominant color analysis. Technically, we use ART2 clustering and fuzzy logic to understand the fuzziness of subjects' status of mind expressed in their digital drawings. The frequency of color usage is fuzzified with respect to the membership functions. After applying fuzzy logic to this fuzzified central vector, we determine the dominant color and supporting colors from the digital drawings and children's status of mind is then analyzed according to the color-personality relationships based on Alschuler and Hattwick's historical researches.

Study of the Development of Color Cosmetics Package Design Reflecting Art Marketing (아트마케팅을 반영한 색조화장품 패키지디자인 개발 연구)

  • Kim, Jin-Young
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.15 no.11
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    • pp.6472-6477
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    • 2014
  • This study examined the trends of an illustration artist's art marketing widening its area in recent years and proposes a design concept of color cosmetics. Art marketing is a type of culture marketing and means marketing through exhibitions, performances and other artistic activities. Free artistic sensibility expression in which the artistic motif is melted into a product beyond the works of a particular artist, and the product, in turn, can be reflected in the canvas, has attracted attention. The works of illustrators are widening their area into the item in life not canvas. This paper proposes the color cosmetics design that reflect art marketing. The main target who proposed the design concept was trend-oriented and in their early to mid-20s with a strong personality, showing a strong tendency of attracting attention and being recognized. To emphasize the design concept of color cosmetics packaging design, the progressive image of the target class was reflected through brilliant and intense color combination. The cultural value and meaning are provided as the artistic mood becomes a part of life.

The Visual Changes of Colors by the Measuring Angle of Cotton/PET Union Fabrics (면(綿)/PET 교직물(交織物)의 측정각(測定角)에 따른 색변화 연구(色變化 硏究))

  • Lee, Mi-Kyung
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.151-162
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    • 2006
  • This study investigated into the effects of the colors of warp and weft on the overall colors of fabrics, along with the visual changes of colors by the measuring angle of both warp and weft, by means of cross-dyeing of cotton/PET union fabrics. First, the reflectance of polyester is higher than that of cotton over the whole wavelength. Second, the dyeing of polyester uses the disperse dyes and that of cotton uses fiber-reactive dyes, the differences in the features of dyes and the reflectance of fabrics cause the same colors to be perceived different by the angle of observation. Third, the dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics individually with the same color revealed that the dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics in one bath resulted in a small difference in colors between the two fabrics than the separate dyeing in two bathes. In the case of one bath, the dyeing of PET fabrics followed by that of cotton fabrics resulted in a small difference in color than the dyeing in the reversed order. Fourth, when cotton/PET union fabrics were dyed in ten colors, the difference in colors between the two fabrics was small; and due to the difference in the density of warp and weft of union fabrics, some difference was detected in comparison with the results of separate dyeing of cotton and PET fabrics in one bath. The latter did not produce the changes in color which was recognizable with the naked eyes. Fifth, when cotton/PET union fabrics were dyed in ten colors, any color change was not observed by the measuring angle, and the inclination in the direction of warp or weft resulted in the tendency of color-deepening. In the measurement of the latter, the inclination in the direction of weft resulted in the higher color-deepening than that in the direction of warp, due to the influence of weft.

Effects of Fining Treatments on Color and Clearness of Apple Wine (청징방법에 따른 사과와인의 색과 투명도에 미치는 영향)

  • Bang, Byung-Ho;Jeong, Eun-Ja;Kang, Hyeran;Rhee, Moon-Soo;Yi, Dong-Heui;Paik, Jean Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.368-373
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    • 2017
  • Comparative fining trials were conducted in a laboratory to study the effects of fining treatments including polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and bentonite on the color and clearness of apple wine. The wines were subjected to three different fining treatments: PVPP, PVPP+bentonite (applied at the same time), and PVPP+bentonite (24 h later). Based on the results, all treatments induced noticeable decreases in wine color (APHA value) and turbidity. The treatment including PVPP and bentonite at the same time provided the best results in relation to wine color and clearness. PVPP was the most effective in the reduction of phenolic compounds, which means it helped wine obtain a paler color. Organic acids and aromatic profile were not altered by the fining treatments.

A Two-Stage Learning Method of CNN and K-means RGB Cluster for Sentiment Classification of Images (이미지 감성분류를 위한 CNN과 K-means RGB Cluster 이-단계 학습 방안)

  • Kim, Jeongtae;Park, Eunbi;Han, Kiwoong;Lee, Junghyun;Lee, Hong Joo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.139-156
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    • 2021
  • The biggest reason for using a deep learning model in image classification is that it is possible to consider the relationship between each region by extracting each region's features from the overall information of the image. However, the CNN model may not be suitable for emotional image data without the image's regional features. To solve the difficulty of classifying emotion images, many researchers each year propose a CNN-based architecture suitable for emotion images. Studies on the relationship between color and human emotion were also conducted, and results were derived that different emotions are induced according to color. In studies using deep learning, there have been studies that apply color information to image subtraction classification. The case where the image's color information is additionally used than the case where the classification model is trained with only the image improves the accuracy of classifying image emotions. This study proposes two ways to increase the accuracy by incorporating the result value after the model classifies an image's emotion. Both methods improve accuracy by modifying the result value based on statistics using the color of the picture. When performing the test by finding the two-color combinations most distributed for all training data, the two-color combinations most distributed for each test data image were found. The result values were corrected according to the color combination distribution. This method weights the result value obtained after the model classifies an image's emotion by creating an expression based on the log function and the exponential function. Emotion6, classified into six emotions, and Artphoto classified into eight categories were used for the image data. Densenet169, Mnasnet, Resnet101, Resnet152, and Vgg19 architectures were used for the CNN model, and the performance evaluation was compared before and after applying the two-stage learning to the CNN model. Inspired by color psychology, which deals with the relationship between colors and emotions, when creating a model that classifies an image's sentiment, we studied how to improve accuracy by modifying the result values based on color. Sixteen colors were used: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple, turquoise, pink, magenta, brown, gray, silver, gold, white, and black. It has meaning. Using Scikit-learn's Clustering, the seven colors that are primarily distributed in the image are checked. Then, the RGB coordinate values of the colors from the image are compared with the RGB coordinate values of the 16 colors presented in the above data. That is, it was converted to the closest color. Suppose three or more color combinations are selected. In that case, too many color combinations occur, resulting in a problem in which the distribution is scattered, so a situation fewer influences the result value. Therefore, to solve this problem, two-color combinations were found and weighted to the model. Before training, the most distributed color combinations were found for all training data images. The distribution of color combinations for each class was stored in a Python dictionary format to be used during testing. During the test, the two-color combinations that are most distributed for each test data image are found. After that, we checked how the color combinations were distributed in the training data and corrected the result. We devised several equations to weight the result value from the model based on the extracted color as described above. The data set was randomly divided by 80:20, and the model was verified using 20% of the data as a test set. After splitting the remaining 80% of the data into five divisions to perform 5-fold cross-validation, the model was trained five times using different verification datasets. Finally, the performance was checked using the test dataset that was previously separated. Adam was used as the activation function, and the learning rate was set to 0.01. The training was performed as much as 20 epochs, and if the validation loss value did not decrease during five epochs of learning, the experiment was stopped. Early tapping was set to load the model with the best validation loss value. The classification accuracy was better when the extracted information using color properties was used together than the case using only the CNN architecture.