• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

With the recent spread of the concept of Smart Cities which is to solve urban problems with ICT technology, Living Lab, which identifies the demands of citizens who dwell in the city and verifies the acceptability of the services being introduced, has become an important topic. Living Lab is an open innovation platform introduced in consideration of the user's perspective in real life and is a new approach in that service developers use collective intelligence in the process of Co-creation with users. Living Lab is operated on topics which is close to citizens' daily lives such as energy, housing, transportation, and education. In particular, as energy and environmental-focused Living Lab emerges in accordance with the 'Korean New Deal Policy', interest and importance in the field are increasing. The paper derives the characteristics of water resource Living Lab through case analysis of several Living Lab practices. Water resource Living Lab in Daejeon and Chuncheon, which are located in Korea, and water resource Living Lab in Romania and Indonesia are covered in this paper as the reference. The paper finally analyzes the case of Sambang Water Living Lab in Gimhae, which is the city located in southern part of Korea. As a result of case analysis, the urban water resource Living Lab focuses on the raw water of urban water resource and should respond sensitively to the safety of citizens. And for the success of this urban water resource Living Lab, it is essential to ensure that citizens participating in the Living Lab clearly understand the concept of water resources, and citizens' opinions to be implemented as services.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.23-30
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• 2010

The residence means a given place. It is repeated that process of overcome, protection, assimilation and adaptation has applied to environmental condition. Architecture is part of environment and various. Thus there are lots of types. We need the place with uniqueness, and it is suitable for biological and humanistic environment. The living space turned to be meaningful place with design, and people start to live with nature together. Therefore design restructures whole environment and makes people to be closed with nature. We have to understand nature of environment to connect one place with the other place, and people start to put down roots certain place. Coping with social needs, we have to develop the architectural alternative which can be applied to natural condition. This study suggest sound high-density urban residential model as it function social mix.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.600-603
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• 1995

A series of samples in the Sm1-xSrxCoO3-y(x=0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) system has been prepared at 1200 ℃ under ambient atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples with x=0.00 and 0.25 are indexed with orthorhombic symmetry like GdFeO3 and x=0.50 appears to be perfectly cubic. In the tetragonal system (x=0.75), the structure is similar to that of SrCoO2.80. The composition of x=1.00, SrCoO2.52, shows the brownmillerite-type structure. The reduced lattice volume is increased with x value in this system. The chemical analysis shows the τ value (the amount of the Co4+ ions in the system) is maximized at the composition of x=0.50. Nonstoichiometric chemical formulas are determined by the x, τ and y values. The electrical conductivity has been measured in the temperature range of 78 to 1000 K. The activation energy is minimum for those of x=0.25 and x=0.50 with metallic behavior. First-order semiconductor-to-metal transition of SmCoO3 is not observed. Instead, a broad, high-order semiconductor-to-metal transition is observed. In general, the effective magnetic moment is increased with increasing τ values at low temperature. At high temperature, the magnetic moment is maximum for that of x=0.00. The 3d-electrons are collective and give ferromagnetism in x=0.50.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

Purpose - Beginning from the formation of the two governments, South and North Korea in 1948, North Korean collective economy as per trade in exchange strategies with right of way employed on heavy and chemical companies, against the external concerned with South Korean selling economy. This study aims to provide solutions for the joint economic prosperity of South and North Korea in the future. Research design, Data, and methodology - This study adopted a qualitative content analysis research method. This research method focuses on themes and concepts that are present in previous literature. This method seeks to derive relationships and meanings by analyzing themes and concepts within existing data. Result - According to qualitative textual analysis, the findings indicate that there are total seven solutions to lead the joint economic prosperity of South and North Korea (Technology Innovation, Energy and Construction, Construction companies and the Gulf market; Oppression via negotiation, Sports and Culture, Agenda-setting and Framing; Competition System). Conclusion - The Korean Government's association strategies outlines tackled in this study are uniform to each other because they are phased, peaceful, regular, and well-designed. But there were situations in which diminutive tenure North Korea approaches was enlisted beyond medium-to-lasting-period union strategies. North Korea should allow a free market whereby its citizens can freely trade among themselves and other people from South Korea.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.464-472
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• 1996

The mechanism of thin-film formation by Ionized Cluster Beam Deposition(ICBD) was investigated. A simulation program based on the Monte-Carlo method was developed in order to investigate the effects of the acceleration voltage, substrate temperature, activation energy for the surface migration, and critical nuclei size on grain size and surface roughness. Studies of the effect of kinetic energy of clusters on the film formation processes revealed that high acceleration voltage enhanced the surface-migration of adatoms and made it easier for an epitaxial film to be formed. The relaxation time of kinetic energy of adatoms increased with the substrate temperature, which in turn increased the grain size of the crystalline film. This effect was more clearly distinguished when the critical nuclei size was large. The surface-migration activation energy was found to affect the interaction between the adatoms and the substrate and thus the relaxation time of kinetic energy. Investigations of the surface roughness revealed that the acceleration voltage, the substrate temperature, and the surface-migration activation energy exerted a collective effect on the morphology of the film surface.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2020

Electromechanical properties of REBCO CC tapes are known to be limited by defects (cracks) that form in the brittle REBCO layer. These defects could be inherently acquired during the CC tapes' manufacturing process, such as slitting, and which can be initiated at the CC tapes' edges. If propagated and long enough, they are believed to cause critical current degradation and can substantially decrease the delamination strength of CC tapes. Currently, commercially available CC tapes from various manufacturers utilize different growth techniques for depositing the REBCO layers on the substrates in their CC tapes preparation. Their epitaxial techniques, unfortunately, cannot perfectly avoid the formation of particles, in which sometimes acts as current blocking defects, known as outgrowths. Collective research regarding the composition, size, and formation of these particles for various CC tapes with different deposition techniques are particularly uncommon in a single study. Most importantly, these particles might interact in one way or another to the existing cracks. Therefore, systematic investigation on the interactions between the cracks' development mechanism and particles on the REBCO superconducting layers of practical CC tapes are of great importance, especially in the design of superconducting devices. Here, a proper etching process was employed for the CC tapes to expose and observe the REBCO layers, clearly. The scanning electron microscope, field emission scanning microscope, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were utilized to observe the interactions between cracks and particles in various practical CC tapes. Particle compositions were identified whether as non-superconducting or superconducting and in what manner it interacts with the cracks were studied.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.225-225
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• 2013

Nanostructured noble metals have been attractive for their unusual optical properties and are widely utilized for various purposes. The optical properties mainly originating from collective electron oscillation can assist direct energy conversion via surface plasmon resonances. Here, we investigated the effect of surface plasmons of silver nanowires on the generation of hot electrons. It is reported that the surface plasmons of silver nanowires exhibit longitudinal and transverse modes, depending on the aspect ratio of the nanowires. In order to measure the hot electron flow through the metallic nanowires, chemically modified Au/TiO2 Schottky diodes were employed as the electric contact. The silver nanowires were deposited on a Au metal layer via the spray method to control uniformity and the amount of silver nanowire deposited. We measured the hot electron flow generated by photon absorption on the silver nanowires deposited on the Au/TiO2 Schottky diodes. The incident photon-to-current efficiency was measured a function of the photon energy, revealing two polarization modes of siliver nanowires: transverse and longitudinal modes. UV-Vis spectra exhibited two polarization modes, which are also consistent with the photocurrent measurements. Good correlation between the IPCE and UV-vis measurements suggests that hot electron measurement on nanowires on nanodiodes is a useful way to reveal the intrinsic properties of surface plasmons of nanowires.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to review the concepts of Jing(精) Qi(氣) Shen(神) Hun(魂) Po(魄) in the light of the Jungian psychology. According to the explanations of the Jungian psychology human beings have archetypes-a priori conditioning factors-in the collective unconscious. These archetyps are concerned with common concepts conceived by mankind about the fundamental elements which constitute the universe and the existence. The archetype is perceived in a symbol, hence Jing(精) Qi(氣) Shen(神) Hun(魂) Po(魄) also are these symbolic representations which had common background of mankind. The meaning of Jing(精) is emphasized as psychic and physical elements, and concerned with instinct. Qi(氣) corresponds to Jung's definition of libido as life energy. The concept of Shen(神) has the value of the self archetype as whole psyche's president principle. Hun(魂) and Po(魄) are intuitive notions of the Orient compared with Animus and Anima which are characteristic representations. However from a standpoint of autonomous energy as archetype the difference would be diminished. Considering each purpose of Hun(魂) and Po(魄) Hun(魂) has a intention of integrating the unconscious flux into consciousness while Po(魄) has a tendency toward instinct to secure a body. It is precious to recognize deeply that these concepts of jing(精) Qi(氣) Shen(神) Hun(魂) Po(魄) play an important part which mediate between the unconscious and consciousness, psyche and body as symbols.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.27-34
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• 2013

This paper analyzes the behaviour of a prey to avoid the pursuit of a predator at predator-prey relationship to be appeared in the collective behavior of animals. One of the methods to avoid the pursuit of a predator is to rotate quickly when a predator arrives near to it. At that moment, a critical distance and a rotating angular are very important for the prey in order to survive from the pursuit, where the critical distance is the distance between the predator and the prey just before rotation. In order to analyze the critical distance and the rotating angular, this paper introduces the energy for a predator which it has at starting point of the chase and consumes during the chase. Through simulations, we can know that the rotating angle for a prey to survive from the pursuit is increased when the critical distance is shorter and when the ratio of predator's mass and prey's mass is also decreased. The results of simulations are the similar phenomenon in nature and therefore it means that the method to analyze in this paper is correct.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.547-553
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• 2015

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: The effects of malnutrition on growth of toddlers and preschoolers by socioeconomic status are not well known. This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary intake on growth outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers by household income level. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population was a total of 1,687 children aged 1 to 5 years that participated in the KNHANES from 2009 to 2011. Growth of children was assessed by height for age (HFA) and weight for height (WFH). Children were classified into three groups according to children's HFA and WFH compared to the $10^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ percentiles of the 2007 Korean Children and Adolescent Growth Standard. Average monthly household income was divided into quartile groups. Dietary intake data were obtained by using the one day 24-hr recall method. Risks of inadequate intake of nutrients and unfavorable growth were estimated by using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, region, and energy intake. RESULTS: The low HFA group (<$10^{th}$ percentile) had significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and thiamin as compared with the high group (${\geq}90^{th}$ percentile). For WFH status, vitamin C intake was lower in the low group than in the high group. Household income level was related to WFH status but not HFA. Children from lower income households were more likely to have high WFH than those from higher income households (P for trend = 0.038). Household income status was also significantly related with risk of inadequate intake of micronutrients such as thiamin (P for trend = 0.032) and vitamin C (P for trend = 0.002), showing higher odds of inadequate intakes in children from lower income households. CONCLUSIONS: Children from lower income households were prone to be overweight and to have inadequate intakes of micronutrients such as thiamin and vitamin C. To reduce nutritional and health disparities, collective action in the public sector is required from early life.