• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.283-304
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• 2008

According to globalization and localization of world economics international trade payment method was also changed. A traditional payment was Letter of Credit basis, however it is being increased to various methods such as remittance, documentary collection(D/P, D/A) and open account. In order to acquire a secure export payment, exporters prefer to L/C basis which is guaranteed by a reliable bank. However, the L/C should bear a security so that importers would rather documentary collection than L/C. The reasons for the preference of collection payment rather than L/C are a low commission cost, the conversion of buyer's market from seller's market due to severe competition in the world market, transaction increase between main office and branches and a right to control the goods until executing the payment by exporters. Besides of them, collection payment can handle safer and faster than open account basis. However, the collection payment has a risk which it isn't guaranteed by bank for the payment so that I would suggest countermeasures to minimize the payment risk utilizing the collection basis as follows; using export credit insurance system, a large domestic credit report provider such as D&B for absolutely fresh and new information, a collection proxy service for overseas deferred credit and suggestion specifying to order B/L not straight one on consignee in order to transfer the right of ownership with endorsement without problem.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.337-342
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 현재 국내 ETCS(Electrical Toll Collection System)에 적용될 예정에 있는 후불식 지불 방식에 있어서 수행해야할 전자 신용카드(EMV) 처리절차를 제안한다. 현재 국내에서는 한국도로공사의 하이패스, 터치패스 시스템이 비접촉식 ETCS로 운영되고 있으며, 현재의 운영 방식은 일종의 전자화폐 개념의 선불(pre-paid)식이다. 이에 반해 후불(credit)식은 신용카드 기반의 지불을 수행함으로써 미리 지불할 필요가 없다는 장점이 있다. 현재 국내의 ETCS에 후불식의 도입이 준비 중에 있으며, 본 논문에서는 이러한 후불식 지불에서 고려해야 할 EMV 처리 방식을 제안한다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.450-456
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• 2023

Background: This study aims to develop a "Predictive Model for the Possibility of Collection Delinquent Health Insurance Contributions" for the National Health Insurance Service to enhance administrative efficiency in protecting and collecting contributions from livelihood-type defaulters. Additionally, it aims to establish customized collection management strategies based on individuals' ability to pay health insurance contributions. Methods: Firstly, to develop the "Predictive Model for the Possibility of Collection Delinquent Health Insurance Contributions," a series of processes including (1) analysis of defaulter characteristics, (2) model estimation and performance evaluation, and (3) model derivation will be conducted. Secondly, using the predictions from the model, individuals will be categorized into four types based on their payment ability and livelihood status, and collection strategies will be provided for each type. Results: Firstly, the regression equation of the prediction model is as follows: phat = exp (0.4729 + 0.0392 × gender + 0.00894 × age + 0.000563 × total income - 0.2849 × low-income type enrollee - 0.2271 × delinquency frequency + 0.9714 × delinquency action + 0.0851 × reduction) / [1 + exp (0.4729 + 0.0392 × gender + 0.00894 × age + 0.000563 × total income - 0.2849 × low-income type enrollee - 0.2271 × delinquency frequency + 0.9714 × delinquency action + 0.0851 × reduction)]. The prediction performance is an accuracy of 86.0%, sensitivity of 87.0%, and specificity of 84.8%. Secondly, individuals were categorized into four types based on livelihood status and payment ability. Particularly, the "support needed group," which comprises those with low payment ability and low-income type enrollee, suggests enhancing contribution relief and support policies. On the other hand, the "high-risk group," which comprises those without livelihood type and low payment ability, suggests implementing stricter default handling to improve collection rates. Conclusion: Upon examining the regression equation of the prediction model, it is evident that individuals with lower income levels and a history of past defaults have a lower probability of payment. This implies that defaults occur among those without the ability to bear the burden of health insurance contributions, leading to long-term defaults. Social insurance operates on the principles of mandatory participation and burden based on the ability to pay. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies that consider individuals' ability to pay, such as transitioning livelihood-type defaulters to medical assistance or reducing insurance contribution burdens.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제2권10호
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• pp.1339-1348
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• 2001

전통적인 상거래 방식에서의 결제시스템으로는 신용장에 의한 방식, 추심에 의한 방식, 송금에 의한 방식 등이 있으며, 신용장방식은 수출자가 대금지급에 대한 확실성과 금융상의 편리, 신용위험의 감소로 보편적으로 가장 많이 선호하고 있다. 추심 방식은 오랜 신용관계에 있는 거래선간에 조심스럽게 이용되고 있다. 송금방식은 소액이나 견본 등의 대금지불에 알맞은 방식이다. 인터넷 전자상거래 방식에서의 결제시스템으로는 지불 브로크형 시스템, 전자화폐시스템, 소액전자지불시스템, 전자자금이체시스템 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 전통적인 방식의 결제방식과 인터넷을 이용한 결제시스템의 차이와 장ㆍ단점을 비교하였다. 인터넷 결제시스템은 전통적인 방식보다 결제시간을 줄일 수 있는 반면, 소매거래 (B to C)환경에 국한되는 단점을 가지고 있다. 도매거래(B to B)하에서는 전통적인 결제시스템이 안정성, 안전성, 신뢰성 측면에서 인터넷 결제시스템보다 아직까지는 월등한 상황이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to estimate the rate of credit card payment for private education. The results of study can be used to improve credit card handling problems of private educational institutes, leading toward improvements in income transparency, increase in tax burden equity and long-term economic welfare improvement for individual households. 424 households out of 586 household that were surveyed in September of 2002 had 1,700 cases private extracurricular education. 67 of the 1,700 cases that did not have expenditure records were removed from the analysis. Only 3.67％ out of 1,633 cases were paid by a credit cards and the amount of credit card payment were only 5.65％ of the total amount spent for private education. The average fee of private educational institutes that allow credit card payment was higher than the fees of private institutes which don't allow a credit card payment or those of private institutes where consumers don't know whether a credit card payment was allowed. The average fee of private education paid by credit cards was 34,465.46 won higher than that paid by cash. Credit card payments to private educational institutions is an important social issue with respect to fair tax collection and tax burden equity since most private educational services operate in fairly small sizes and are offered by the self-employed, and the expense of private education is a fairly large proportion of the household income. It is also important for consumers if credit card acceptance expands alternatives that consumers can choose in private education. Therefore, credit card payment should be encouraged in private extracurricular education. To do this, private education providers should be forced to join a credit card payment service by the National Tax Service. A regulation that prohibits the refusal of credit card payments should be required, and credit card service charges of private education providers should be incrementally decreased. Also, consumer education and public promotions for credit card use instead of cash in paying for private education fees are recommended.

• 의정연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.157-185
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• 2021

지방세 납세지는 납세행위가 이루어지는 장소적 개념만이 아니라 자치단체의 과세권이 결정되는 현실적인 의미를 가진다. 납세지 결정에는 납세의 편의성이나 징세의 효율성을 넘어 편익지역의 원칙이라는 지방세의 핵심 과세기준이 중요하게 고려되어야 한다. 대부분 지방세의 납세지 설정에 있어 편익지역의 원칙이 비교적 잘 반영되고 있는 것으로 평가된다. 그러나 소득세와 과세표준을 공유하는 지방소득세의 경우 납세지 설정에 개편의 필요성이 있는데, 사업소득과 부동산 등의 양도소득에 대한 과세지를 주소지에서 사업장 소재지와 부동산 등의 소재지로 변경하는 방안을 검토해야 한다. 근로나 사업영위 등 제반 소득활동을 통해 소득이 창출되는 데 있어 지방자치단체의 공공서비스의 편익이 기여하고 있다는 점에서 그 소득활동이 이루어지는 편익지역에서 과세가 이루어지도록 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 개편으로 자치단체 간의 세수불균형도 일정부분 완화될 수 있는 것으로 평가되며, 납세와 징세의 측면에서도 일정한 긍정적인 효과가 예상된다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.99-119
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• 2006

The recent trend in the payment terms of international trade shows the gradual shift toward more diversified payment methods (from L/C to not L/C) in order to cope with the increasingly dynamic international transactions in a more flexible manner. The reasons behind this recent shift are as follows : first, the global trade market is breaking away from the traditional L/C methods based on letters of credit toward a not L/C methods. nother reason for the changing trade payment methods is the increasing volume of intra transactions between headquarters and their foreign subsidiaries based on collection payment methods. Having mentioned the above problems that impede the Korean export insurance system, some suggestions can be put forward through a comparative analysis with foreign export insurance system. First, inducing private investments is one way of strengthening financial health of the KEIC. The KEIC also needs to diversify its insurance coverage adapting to the changing international trade environments.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.385-388
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• 2020

At present, the payment system in Thailand changes from a paper-based system to a cashless payment system. A coin has its two sides, so the cashless payment has its advantages and disadvantages. This article describes the general advantages and disadvantages of a cashless society in Thailand in the COVID-19 situation. The cashless payment in Thailand consists of credit cards, automated teller machines, direct debit, mobile/Internet banking, e-Wallet, PromptPay, and QR code. The cashless payment is able to assist the government for tax collection accuracy and facilitates users to make financial transactions more transparent and efficient. In addition, the cashless system provides benefits to businesses in which they are able to increase sales and expand business by providing convenient, safe and faster services to customers in making payment for goods/services. It assists businesses to save time and cost of cash management and reduce the paperwork. The cashless payment made the life of students, housewives, and elderly people very easy to carry out financial transactions and there is no need to meet the financial institution staff. This payment system needs advanced technology system skills, a smartphone, and a technology facility. Finally, the cashless payment can reduce the spreading of COVID-19.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.87-103
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• 2019

L/C(Letter of Credit) is a common payment term designed to prevent credit risk in international trade. However, most companies prefer T/T (Telegraphic Transfer) payment due to its time and cost efficiency. According to related statistics, more than 70% of international trade contracts are based on T/T rather than other payment terms. The time required from the export negotiation to the completion of the export transaction and collection in international trade is very long. In this process, disputes related to settlement are continuous, so caution should be exercised. Therefore, whether or not the export payment is recovered in a timely manner is the core issue of trade transactions for exporters. The purpose of this study is to identify problems that cause delayed payments during settlement by the remittance (T/T) method, which can lead to settlement risk, in order to investigate those factors which can lead to delays in payments and increased risk as well as to determine ways to prevent such factors in advance. According to empirical findings, trading experience, transaction duration, and contract contents can be important determinants in terms of payment delays. Industry uniqueness and market uncertainty were found to be in opposition to the hypothesized relationships. The results of this study will be useful for trading companies to reduce their payment risk.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.105-130
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• 2010

CISG provides the place of payment at the Article 57 which if the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay it to the seller (a) at the seller's p lace of business or (b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place. When the parties have agreed that payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, the place where this is to happen according to the contract or CISG is the place of payment. When the parties have not agreed to this, the place of payment is the seller's place of payment. The buyer does not send the money to seller's office, but pays it to the seller's bank account. Where payment is effected by a L/C, such operations shall be governed by UCP and collection of money governed by URC. The payment at the seller's place of payment affects the rate of interest, currency of money and jurisdiction which is interpreted by Brussel convention and Lugano convention. The principle on which the CISG is based, characterizes the obligation of payment as an obligation to be performed at the creditor's place of business. This principle affects the place of damage claims payable to be at the creditor's that place. Payment at the place of business is required, but not inside the place itself.