• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

By studying the portions and layers(分部), left and right, superior and inferior, location of yin and yang, and beginning and end of diseases of skin, which is the core point of the theory of cutaneous region(皮部論) in "Naejing(內經)", in the physiological and pathological perspective, based on opinion of historic memorial doctors, arrived to the conclusion as below. Cutaneous region means not only the distribution of three yin and three yang(三陰三陽) of the surface, but also inside and outside, shallowness and depth, and it is the system which unites meridians, networks, and vessels. It is divided into portions and layers. The origin and beginning of diseases and the rule of favorable pattern and unfavorable pattern can be known through it. The portion of skin is not only the area that meridian vessels belongs to skin, but also the area that activation of twelve meridian vessels are expressed in the surface. The layer of skin is consisted in order of skin-tertiary collateral vessel-collateral vessel-meridian vessel-bone. In "Naejing", there are two preconditions to divide three yin and three yang into yin and yang. The first is standing while looking the south, and second is the quotation "outside is side of yang(外者爲陽 內者爲陰)." According to this preconditions, yang of outside of yang brightness, lesser yang, and greater yang is the whole body, except inside of hand and foot which yin of lesser yin, pericardium, and greater yin. Superior and inferior of the portions and the layers is designated as hand and foot, theological basis of which superior and inferior work in same diagnostic method can be found in the root and the basis(標本) and the origin and the insertion(根結). In conclusion, cutaneous region not only manages layer of the skin, but also it is divided into layers and portions, so it has close relations between meridian vessels and collateral vessels. The in-depth study of cutaneous region and meridians should be progress, in order to practice of diagnosis and acupuncture and moxibustion more.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.197-210
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• 2018

In order to clarify spatial meaning of Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說) within the human body. Meridian Divergence(經別) was studied mainly on "Miraculous Pivot(靈樞) - Meridian Divergence section(經別篇)". Furthermore, the meaning of Meridian Divergence(經別) was investigated based on Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). Firstly, Meridian divergence(經別) is associated with brain and Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) which are located in the Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong). It draws that Meridian Divergence(經別) is a theory based on Nine Palace(九宮, Jiugong), the spatial theory of Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). In this system, Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) were included in Meridian and Collateral(經絡). Secondly, the Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong) imparts functionality to Nine Palace(九宮, Jiu Gong). Therefore, brain and Viscera and Bowels(臟腑) in Central Palace(中宮, Zhong Gong) supply Qi and Blood(氣血) to whole Meridian and Collateral(經絡) and also control each Meridian and Collateral(經絡) through Twelve Meridian Divergences(十二經別). Meridian and Collateral Theory(經絡學說) is the theory of Body space. The basic theory of Twelve Meridian Vessels(十二經脈), Three Yin and Three Yang(三陰三陽) signifies six areas of human body space. And Fifteen Collateral Vessels(十五絡脈) connect the six areas of the Twelve Meridian Vessles(十二經脈) through Six Harmonies(六合, liu He). In addition, Meridian Divergence(經別) is also based on Nine Palace(九宮, Jiu Gong). Thus, Meridian and Collateral(經絡) classifies and organically integrates the human body space that is filled with Qi and Blood(氣血) by applying the theories of Symbolic Mathematical Study(象數學). Recently presented Morphogenetic field hypothesis resembles Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說). However Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說) is considered to be the substantive concept that has relation to treatments based on Meridian points(經穴) which contain the spatial information of Meridian and Collateral theory(經絡學說).

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2008

The Meridian and Collateral Diagram is one of the most important 圖像s of Traditional Korean Medicine. A 圖像 is a picture made on a two-dimensional surface using lines and colors to portray an object or an image. Meridian and Collateral diagram is a 圖像 of the human body with indications of acupoints and meridian passageways and have different names such as 經穴圖, 輸穴圖, 鍼灸圖, 明堂圖, 銅人圖, in accordance with its classification. The documental basis of the Meridian and Collateral Diagram is the Internal Classic and the very first Meridian and Collateral Diagram confirmed through textual evidence can be found in 葛洪's "抱朴子 雜應". The Korean 동인도 in existence today, called '銅人明堂之圖', exists in two versions; a hand-copied version and a wooden engraving block version. It displays all the locations of the acupoints located on the anterior side of the human body, labels the names of the acupoints, and specifically distinguishes 起始穴 and 終止穴 of the eight meridian vessels.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-115
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• 2012

Objective : Blood disease is common these days due to modern man's excessiveness in Yang heat (陽熱) and vulnerability of the Eum blood(陰血). This exposes them to warmheat/ dampness-heat diseases, where pathogenic heat easily penetrates the blood dimension(血分) creating stagnated blood(瘀血). Consequently, pathogenic symptoms in the collateral vessels increase, making it crucial to understand the pathogenic mechanism of the disease. Method : This paper examines the condition and region of the collateral vessel diseases(CVD) according to the blood diseases of Onbyeong, by analyzing each prescription's matching symptom. The disease in question in this paper is 'stagnated blood fixated in the collateral vessels'. Therefore diseases with stagnated blood in the Yang collaterals and Viscera collaterals or viscera themselves from the chapter of "On-Yeok-Ron(溫疫論)", and < Dry Blood-DaeWhangJaChungWhan(大黃蟅蟲丸) > chapter of "Geum-Gue-Yo-Rak(金匱要略)", were examined respectively. Result & Conclusion : The process of CVD according to the blood diseases of Onbyeong can be summarized as follows. First, bleeding in the Yang and Bowel collaterals, then stagnation in the Yang and Bowel collaterals, and finally stagnation in the viscera collaterals or Liver itself. The refractory nature of blood stagnation symptoms of the collateral vessels is mainly due to the characteristics of the collateral vessel itself. In structure, they are very narrow and small, situated at the most terminal part of the body where it is difficult for the Jeong Gi(精氣) to reach. Also, as they are symptomatic of degeneration of Jeong Gi, the root of the disease is very deep. Therefore to resolve blood stagnation in the cases of Ju-Gaek-Gyo and Dry Blood, general approaches using 'Gi communication(行氣)' or 'Blood vitalizing(活血)' medicinals will not suffice. Special medicinals such as crustacean and insects need to be appropriately applied.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-412
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• 1998

This is a case report of an operation for the pulmonary arteriovenous fistula supplied from the systemic arteries instead of the pulmonary artery. The operation of systemic arteriovenous pulmonary fistula has formidable technical challenges due to its extensive collateral circulations. A 16 year-old female patient, diagnosed as systemic arteriovenous fistula with multiple tortuous feeding vessels and with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, was initially managed with arterial embolization before the operation. A 15${\times}$8cm sized huge vascular malformation was removed by RML and RLL bilobectomy. During the operation, we encountered annoying massive bleeding and pulmonary congestion originated in its extensive collateral circulation. The patient was discharged after conservative management without specific problem on the 15th postoperative day. For the safe operation as well as good operative result, it seemed that meticulous ligation of the multiple collateral vessels should be performed prior to that of pulmonary veins.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.108-115
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• 2001

We have recently reported the development of a high efficiency expression vector, pCK, which can drive a high level of gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of pCK expressing human VEGF165, pCK-VEGF in the rabbit ischemic hind limb model. To determine the optimal dose of plasmid DNA, various concentrations of pCK-CAT were injected into the muscle of a rabbit hind limb and the levels of CAT activity were determined. It was found that the expression level of the exogenously added gene became stable between 250 and 1,000 $\mu$g. Based on this result, we tested whether intramuscular transfer of 500$\mu$g of pCK-VEGF could actually modulate collateral vessel development in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model. It was found that relative to the control group injected with the pCK lacking the VEGF sequence, single intramuscular doses (500$\mu$g) of pCK-VEGF produced statistically significant augmentation of collateral vessels as determined by the angiographic vessel count, maximal blood flow by Doppler flowmeter and the number of capillaries by histology. These results suggest that a single 500$\mu$g-delivery of pCK-VEGF is potent enough to induce sufficient angiogenic activity and achieve therapeutic benefit on this rabbit model.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.257-260
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• 2009

Intraventricular hemorrhage long after successful encephaloduroarterio synangiosis (EDAS) is very rare. The effect of revascularization surgery for preventing hemorrhagic event of moyamoya disease remains controversial. We report a 17-year-old female with intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrahge 10 years after successful EDAS. Even though cerebral vessels angiography showed good collateral circulations without specific weak points, a cerebral hemorrhage could occur in patient with ischemic type of moyamoya disease long after successful indirect bypass operations. Good collateralization of cerebral angiography or magnetic resonance perfusion image after indirect bypass surgery would ensure against ischemic symptoms, not a hemorrhage. And, thus a life-time follow-up strategy might be necessary even if a good collateral circulation has been established.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-103
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• 1985

Azygos system, one of the main collateral vessels which communicates superior vena cava with inferior vena cava, is well visualized by Xray angiography. This system is rarely demonstrated by radioisotope study. We report a case whose azygos system was shown during $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ renal scanning.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.153-165
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• 1999

The transcranial Doppler(TCD) is a technique for measuring blood flow velocity of intracranial and extarcranial arteries. This examination based on Doppler effect which was first formulated in 1842 by the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. In 1982, Rune Aaslid first maked 2MHz pulsed probe and recording intracranial vessels with transcranially. There are six criteria utilized in gaining positive identification of the intracranial vessels. The six criteria are as follows l)acoustical windows 2)depth of sample volume 3)direction of flow 4)spatial relationship of ACA and MCA bifurcation 5)mean velocity and 6)response common carotid artery compression and/or oscillation test. The affected factors for TCD examination are angle of insonation, posture of subject, age, gender, hematocrit, metabolic factors, and cardiac output. Clinical application of TCD are detection of stenosis, occlusion, emboli, thrombsis in intracranial and extracranial arteries and evaluation of cerebral arterovenous malformation, collateral capacity in the circle of Willis, ischemia cerebrovascular disease, stroke patient and vertebrobasilar system.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1994

The coronary collateral vessels have revealed their significance in terms of reduction of infarct size, preservation left ventricular function, and prevention of left ventricular aneurysm in patients with myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study were to evaluated the relation between collateral circulation and $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI Heart SPECT in patient with acute myocardial infarction and their clinical significance. The fifty six MI patients with antegrade TIMI perfusion grade 0 and 1 were studied. The patients were classified into two groups; Group I inclueded 30 patients with grade 2, 3 Collateral flow. Group II inclueded 26 patients with grade 0, 1 Collateral flow. Collateral filling were graded from 0 to 3: 0- none, 1- Filling of side branch only, 2- Partial filling of the epicardial segment, 3- Complete filling of epicardial segment. Clinical variables, left ventricular function, $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI Heart SPECT were analyzed with angiographic finding. Results were following: 1) Collateral visualization was found to be greater in patient with involvement of right coronary artery (RCA). The collateral development site of infarct related artery was RCA 15 cases, left anterior descending artery (LAD) 10 cases, left circumflex artery (LCX) 5 cases, and the collateral circulation from LAD to RCA was 13 cases (40.6%). 2) There was a tendency to be decreased in peak CK activity with group I. 3) The presence of good collateral channels was more frequently $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI reversible perfusion defect (83.4% vs 15.3%, p<0.05). 4) No differences of left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), ejection fraction (EF) were noted between group I and group II. The presence of good collateral channels did affect the frequency of occurrence of $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI reversible perfusion defect.