• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.696-701
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• 2011

전북지역 과수원 토양 110개소를 대상으로 토양특성이 미생물분포에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 토양 중 미사함량이 많아질수록 호기성세균, 곰팡이, 미생물 biomass C 함량은 증가하였고, 탈수소효소 활성은 토성에 따라 차이가 없었다. 지형에 따른 미생물분포, 미생물의 biomass C 함량, 탈수소효소 활성은 차이가 없었고, 과수종류에 따라 coliform group은 배와 포도 재배지에서 각각 $133.0{\times}10^3\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, $107.4{\times}10^3\;CFU\;g^{-1}$으로 가장 높은 수준을 보였다. 과수재배기간이 길어질수록 미생물 밀도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 토양 pH, 유기물, 치환성 Mg 함량은 모든 미생물분포와 정의 상관관계를 보였고, Bacillus sp.는 조사한 모든 화학성분과 정의 관계를 보였다. 토양미생물의 biomass C 함량과 탈수소효소 활성은 유기물과 치환성 Ca 함량에 대해 고도의 유의성 (p<0.01)을 보였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2000

1998년 9월부터 1999년 7월까지 통영시내 약수터 9개 지점에서 약수륵 채수하여 90개 시료에 대한 화학적 및 세균학적 수질을 조사하였다. 그결과 각 항목의 범위와 중앙치는 다음과 같다. 수온은 5.2~25.8, 16.3$^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0~7.2, 6.7, 총잔류물질 33.6~210, 90.6 mg/1, 탁도 0.35~5.48, 1.45NTU, 과망간산소비량 0.51~4.21, 1.39mg/1, 염소이온 6.23~42.5, 16.7mg/1, 인산염 불검출~0.04, 0.02mg/1, 아질산염 불검출~0.02, 0.01 mg/1, 질산염 불검출~3.56, 1.42 mg/1, 암모니성질소 불검출~0.20, 0.14mg/1, 용존질소 불검출~3.78, 1.57mg/1로 나타났다. 심미적 영향물직에서 철은 0.04~0.28, 0.13ppm, 아연 0.03~0.66, 0.20ppm, 망간 불검출~0.01, 알루미늄 0.14~0.58, 0.39ppm, 구리 불길출~0.01, 0.01로 조사되었다. 유해금속에서 납은 불검출~0.01, 0.01 ppm, 비소 불검출~0.01, 0.01ppm, 수은 불검출~0.02, 불검출 크롬 불검출, 카드뮴 불검출로 각각 나타났다. 생균수는 5.0~760/m1, 중앙치 130/m1으로 기준치 100/m1륵 다소상회하였다. 대장균군 및 분변계대장균군의 범위와 중앙치는 0~2,400, 73 MPN/100ml 와 0~540, 21MPN/100ml로 조사되어 기준치 음성/50m1를 초과하고 있었다. IMViC 시험에 의한 대장균군은 분리된 45주중에 Escherichia group이 33.3%, Citrobacter freunidii freundii 15.6%, Klebsiella aerogenes 35.6%, 기타 15.5%로 나타났다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

이 연구는 통영지방에서 전통적으로 만들어지고 있는 충무김밥의 영양적 및 미생물학적 품질평가를 시도하였다. 일반김밥 중에서는 열량, Ca, Fe, 비타민$B_l$ 및 비타민$B_2$등이 한국 성인 남성의 권장량에 비하여 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 영양권장량을 맞추기 위해서는 부식과 과일 및 음료 등을 함께 섭취하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다. 시장에서 구입한 일밥김밥과 충무김밥의 총 호기성균 및 대장균군 수는 일반 김밥에서 $5.50{\pm}0.38 log_{10}CFU/g,\;2.10{\pm}0.47 log_{10}$ MPN/100g, 충무김밥에서 $5.61{\pm}0.42 log_{10}CFU/g,\;1.75{\pm}0.34log_{10}$ MPN/100 g로 각각 나타났다. 충무김밥의 원재료에 대한 총호기성 균수는 김밥, 주꾸미무침, 무김치에서 $3{\sim}4 log_{10}CFU/g$, 어묵에서 $4{\sim}5log_{10}$ CFU/g를, 대장균군은 김밥, 주꾸미무침, 무김치에서 $1{\sim}2log_{10}CFU/g$, 어묵에서 $2{\sim}3log_{10}CFU/g$으로 분석되었다. 충무김밥의 재료별 대장균과 포도상 구균의 검출율은 김밥에서 각각 10.0%,주꾸미무침에서 15.0, 10.0%, 무김치에서는 0, 10.0%가 각각 검출되었다. 일반김밥과 충무김밥을 $15^{\circ}C$에 저장하여 하룻밤 방치한 후에 측정한 균수는 일반김밥과 충무김밥에서 생균수가 1.04 및 $0.60 log_{10}CFU/g$, 대장균군이 0.97 및 $0.72 log_{10}MPN/100g$이 각각 증가하였다. 충무김밥 재료의 24시간 후에 총호기성 균수의 증가는 $0.83{\sim}1.33 log_{10}CFU/g$증가되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of marinade under different conditions (temperature and vacuum) on pork ham cooked by the sous-vide method ($61^{\circ}C$ and 98.81% vacuum for 45 min). Control group was non-marinade pork ham. The samples were marinated under 1 of 4 conditions: $4^{\circ}C$, 98.81% vacuum (treatment group $T_1$); $4^{\circ}C$, atmospheric pressure ($T_2$); $20^{\circ}C$, 98.81% vacuum ($T_3$); and $20^{\circ}C$, atmospheric pressure ($T_4$). The pH value was higher in the control (6.02) than in the treatment groups (4.30-4.42, p<0.001). Shear force was the lowest in the control: 18.14 N. Lightness and redness values were higher in the control (p<0.001). The chroma value significantly decreased from 12.74 to 7.55 with marinade (p<0.001). Total viable and coliform counts of raw meat were 84.6 and 3.67 Log CFU/g, respectively. After the marinade, the total viable count decreased to 3.00-14.67 Log CFU/g (p<0.001). Coliforms were not detected. After sous-vide cooking, no viable microorganisms were detected in any group. Treatment groups generally showed high scores on consumer preference. The marinade and sous-vide cooking had a positive effect on sensory characteristics. They provided safe conditions for sanitary evaluation. As a result, it appears that marinade at refrigeration temperature is better than that at room temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1308-1314
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• 2018

Objective: Gut health improvements were monitored with respect to growth performance, diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of suckling pigs orally supplemented with live Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) oral suspensions and challenged with $F4^+$ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Methods: Two groups of newborn pigs from 18 multiparous sows were randomly designated as non-supplemented (control: n = 114 piglets) and L. salivarius supplemented groups (treatment: n = 87 piglets). Treatment pigs were orally administered with 2 mL of $10^9$ colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL L. salivarius on days 1 to 3, then they were orally administered with 5 mL of $10^9CFU/mL$ L. salivarius on days 4 to 10, while those in control group received an equal amount of phosphate buffered saline solution. On day 24 (2 weeks post supplementation), one pig per replicate of both groups was orally administered with $10^8CFU/mL$ $F4^+$ ETEC, then they were euthanized on day 29 of experiment. Results: Results revealed that pigs in treatment group had a statistically significant increase in average daily gain, body weight and weight gain, and tended to lower diarrhea throughout the study. Numbers of Lactobacillus population in feces of treatment pigs were higher than control pigs, especially on day 10 of study. Numbers of total bacteria in intestinal contents of control pigs were also increased, but not Coliform and Lactobacillus populations. Histological examination revealed statistically significant improvements of villous height and villous/crypt ratio of duodenum, proximal jejunum and distal jejunum parts of treatment pigs compared with controls. Duodenal pH of treatment group was significantly decreased. Conclusion: Oral supplementation of live L. salivarius during the first 10 days of suckling pig promoted growth performance and gut health, reduced diarrhea incidence, increased fecal Lactobacillus populations and improved intestinal morphology.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of physical and chemical properties according to the preserving periods and temperature in heat-treated market milks ($130^{\circ}C$, 2 sec). The market ilks were divided into 3 experimental groups, that is $4^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ according to the preserving temperature during 7 days. There were analysed fat, protein, lactose, total solids, solids-not-fat, specific gravity and acid value of market milks in each experimental group. These observations indicated that heat-treated market milks ($130^{\circ}C$, 2 sec) may be acceptable physically and chemically after 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Total microorganisms in market milks were found 12$\times$$10^1$ cells at 1st day Coliform and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. 2. Milk fats tended to decrease 3.69% to 3.48% according to the time lapsed in all experimental groups without concerning to the storage temperature. 3. Milk proteins were slowly decreased 3.18% to 3.13% according to the time lapsed without concerning to the storage temperature. 4. Milk lactose was slightly increased 4.41% to 4.55% in all experimental groups. 5. Specific gravity in market milks was 1.0316 to 1.0299, and showed no changes according to the preserving periods and temperature. 6. Total solids and solids-not-fat in market milks were slightly decreased 12.30 to 12.05 and 8.55 to 8.40. 7. Acid values were dramatically increased 0.1289 to 0.3116 at $30^{\circ}C$ storage group, while tended to be stable at $4^{\circ}C$ storage group for 7 days.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.511-522
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• 1984

낙동강 하류 수계는 농수산업을 비롯하여 각 산업의 용수 뿐만아니라 400만 부산시민의 상수 급수원으로서도 대단히 중요하다. 본 수계의 효율적인 활용을 위하여 하구언을 축조하고 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 하구언 설치 이전과 이후의 수질 변화에 대한 기초재료를 얻기 위하여 1983년 8월부터 1984년 7월까지 계절마다 2회씩 모두 8회에 걸쳐 15개 지점에서 총 시료 120개를 취하여 분석하였다. 이들 시료에 대한 수온, pH, 염소 ion 및 염분도, 화학적 산소 요구량, 전기전도도, 영양염류, 위생지표세균, microflora에 대한 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수온의 연간변화는 $-1.5{\sim}29.0^{\circ}C$로 컸으며, 봄철의 수온은 $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$로서 겨울철보다 약 $10^{\circ}C$ 상승하였고, 가을철의 수온은 전 지점에서 $20^{\circ}C$ 부근으로 매우 안정되었다. 여름철에는 기온의 상승에 따라 $21{\sim}29^{\circ}C$로 높았다. 2. pH의 연간변화는 $6.68{\sim}8.50$이었으며, 평상시의 pH는 상부수역에서 하구쪽으로 향할수록 점증하였으며, 하구수역에서는 8에 가까웠다. 그러나 강우량이 많았던 직후에는 오히려 상부수역이 높고 하구수역이 낮아지는 반대현상이었다. 3. 염소 ion 농도의 변화범위는 $7.4{\sim}l.020.5$ mg/l로 지점별 차가 심하였다. 또, 염분또는 $1.05{\sim}33.01\%$로 넓은 범위로 분포되었다. 상부에 녹산 수문이 있는 제3수로는 $25.76{\sim}31.58\%0$으로 육수나 하천수의 영향을 많이 받고 있는 제1, 2수로보다 높은염도를 나타내며 안정되어 있다. 4. 화학적 산소 요구량의 변화범위는 $1.45{\sim}14.94$ mg/l였으며, 상부, 중부수역과 각 수로의 기점은 5mg/l 이상이었고, 하구수역은 수산 2급 기준치인3 ppm을 모두 초과하였다. 5. 전기전도도의 변화범위는 $1.360{\times}10^2{\sim}5.650{\times}10^4{\mu}{\mho}/cm$였으며, 상부수역에서 보다 하구수역에서 월등히 높았으며 강우량이 많을시에는 전 수역에서 낮은 값으로 나타났다. 6. 영양염류의 년중 변화범위는 $NO_2-N\;:\;0.008{\sim}0.040$ mg/l, $NO_3-N\;:\;0.038{\sim}5.253$ mg/l, $NH_4-N\;:\;0.100{\sim}2.685$ mg/l, $PO_4-P\;:\;0.003{\sim}0.084$ mg/l, $SiO_2-Si\;:\;0.154{\sim}6.123$mg/l였으며, 각종 염류는 일반적으로 상부, 중부수역에서 높은 농도였으나, 강우량에 육수나 강수에 의해 운반되어 하구수역에서 농도가 높아진다. 특히 하구수역에서 질소, 인화합물이 20년전에 비하여 $2{\sim}3$배 증가되고 있어 이차적인 환역오염이 우려 된다. 7. 대장균군 최확수의 분포범위는 $7.3{\sim}460,000/100ml$였으며, 금곡에서 을숙도 구간인 중부수역에서의 기하평균치는 $3,476{\sim}34,700/100ml$으로 극심한 오염도를 나타내었다. 이 수질의 여파와 장림천 괴정천에서 유입되는 오수로 제1수로의 수질은 $1.100{\sim}460,000/100ml$로 제 2수로 보다 5배나 심하게 오염되어 있었다. 분편계대장균 최확수의 분포범위는 $3.6{\sim}460,000/100ml$였으며, 대장균군에서와 같은 양상이었다. 장구균 최확수는 $0{\sim}46,000/100ml$의 분포범위로 분편계대장균과 같은 양상이었다. 8. 대장균군으로 분리 동정된 총 452균주중에서 Escherchia coli group은 127 균주로 $28\%$, Citrobacter freundii group은 82 균주로 $18\%$, Enterobacter aerogenes group이 141균주, $31\%$로 제일 많았으며, 분류되지 않은것이 $22\%$ 정도였다. 9. 생균수의 연간 변화폭은 $<30{\sim}1.2{\times}10^5/ml$였으며, 각 수역별로 위생지표세균이 변화하였던 것과 같은 양상이었다. 10. 본 수계에서 분리 동정된 세균 총 659 균주중에서 Pseudomonas 속이 279 균주($42\%$)로서 제일 많았으며, Flavebacterium cytophaga 속이 131균주($20\%$), Moraxella속이 72균주($12\%$) 순이었으며, Bacillus 속이 $0.3\%$으로 제일 낮은 빈도를 나타내었다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.819-827
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• 2013

Water quality has been considered to be one of sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) for hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) application in aquaculture farms. This study was conducted to evaluate a hazard caused by water used in aquaculture farm of rainbow trout. The water quality was analyzed to investigate both physiochemical and bacteriological level in water samples collected from aquaculture farm of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. No significant difference were observed on water temperature and pH from season to season. However, the levels of dissolved oxygen were decreased as the outside temperature was increased, even if the levels were adequate for aquaculture. Also, other physiochemical analysis including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) revealed that the waters for aquaculture analyzed in this study was suitable for rainbow trout aquaculture. The bacterial analyses were also revealed that the waters for aquaculture were met to both coliform group (<18 MPN/100mL) and viable cell count (<100 CFU/mL). However, some of waste waters from aquaculture farms showed higher levels of BOD and COD than those of waste water standard (<2 ppm), suggesting that regular cleaning of fish tank and precipitation tank is needed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2001

As a part of basic investigation for utilization of canned food processing by-products, a food components of the canned oyster processing waste water such as boiled and released water(BRW), wash water(WW) were investigated and compared with hot-water extracts from oyster. From the results of measuring heavy metal conte수, viable cells and coliform group, the canned oyster processing waste waters might not invoke health risk in using food resource. The contents of taste compounds (free amino acids, ATP related compounds, TMA (O) and total creatinine) of BRW and WW accounted for about 254% and 95%, respectively, in comparison with those of control (hot-water extract from oyster). The BRW showed a very high content of salt in comparing to the WW and control. In descending order, the values of whiteness index was WW, control and BRW. Sensory scores for color, oyster flavor intensity and saline taste were not significantly different between WW and control. But, BRW had the highest score in oyster flavor intensity, while had the lowest score in color and saline taste. But, the color and saline taste of BRW might be able to control by some pretreatment (concentration and drying in mild condition, desalination and recipe control etc). These results indicated that BRW and WW generated from various step during canned oyster processing could be a potential food resource by controlling of saline taste and color intensity.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the storage and quality characteristics of vegetable hot dog. The b-value of sausage was increased significantly, but the color of bread was not changed during storage. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of sausage were not changed, but the gumminess was increased during storage. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess of bread were not changed, but the chewiness was decreased during storage. The moisture content of sausage was not changed, but that of bread was decreased during storage. The pH of vegetable hot dog showed 5.67~5.71 during storage. The TBA of sausage was increased from 0.13 to 0.29mg/kg, the VBN was increased from 4.24 to 5.46mg% during storage. The total plate counts showed $3.5\times$104 CFU/g 8 days of storage. The coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not detected during storage. The vegetable hot dog was found to be fresh by sensory scores such as taste, aroma, color, texture and palatability, and the appearance of mold and slime was not detected during storage.