• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-99
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• 1995

In order to develop experimental research in oriental medicine, it is necessary to make experimental model of diagnostic pattern(證), On model of the condition of a disease maked in china, there are cold-pattern(寒證), heat-pattern(熱證), deficiency of vital energy-pattern(氣虛證), blood-deficiency-pattern(血虛證), yin-deficiency-pattern(陰虛證), yang-deficiency-pattern(陽虛證), deficiency of both yin and yang-pattern(陰陽俱虛證), yang-exhaustion-pattern(亡陽證), blood stasis-pattern(血瘀證), pattern of defferential diagnosis according to states of viscera(臟腑辨證).

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2011

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of diagnostic pattern questionnaire associated with Body Mass Index in premenopausal women. Methods We studied 41 patients visiting Gangdong Kyung Hee University Hospital from 1st April 2011 to 25th May 2011. The subjects were categorized in two groups, overweight & obesity group (n=12) and low weight & normal group (n=29). We studied the difference of diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores between two groups by Independent samples T-test and correlation between diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores of overweight & obesity group by Pearson's correlation coefficient test using SPSS for windows (version 13.0). Results Blood stasis, retention of undigested food, cold pattern scores of overweight & obesity group were non-significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Heat pattern score of overweight & obesity group was significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Cold-heat, phlegm-cold, blood stasis-cold, phlegm-blood stasis, phlegm-retention of undigested food significantly showed positive correlation coefficient in overweight & obesity group. Conclusions The results suggest that obese women tend to show heat pattern. It seems to be that multiple factors such as phlegm, blood stasis, retention of undigested food are causative of obesity.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-74
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• 2022

Objectives : Evidence supporting the cold-heat symptom and sasang constitution type, which are diagnostic items of traditional Korean medicine, is needed to manage sleep disturbances, which is a typical symptom of mibyeong (subhealth). This study examined the association between each cold-heat symptom and sleep disturbances according to each sasang constitution type. Methods : This research was a cross-sectional study of 5,793 subjects from the Korean Medicine Data Center (KDC) community cohort survey. The association between each cold-heat symptom and sleep disturbances was analyzed by logistic regression analysis adjusted for several demographic variables. Subgroup analysis was then performed for each type of sasang constitution. Results : The soeum and soyang types were 1.53 and 1.26 times more likely to have sleep disturbances than the taeum type. Sleep disturbances were associated with 'coldness of the abdomen', 'watery mouth' in the cold domain items, and 'body feverishness', 'flushed face and eye', 'thirst', and 'scanty dark urine' in the heat domain items. The soeum and soyang types were 1.55 and 1.39 times more likely to sleep less than five hours per night than the taeeum type. In addition, the associations of those showed a different pattern for each sasang constitution type. Conclusions : Sleep disturbances are associated with specific cold-heat symptoms, and the associated cold-heat symptoms differ according to the sasang constitution type. These results may help traditional medicine specialists select customized interventions for patients with sleep disturbances.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2010

Object : This study was conducted as part of the national project to standardize stroke diagnosis in Korean medicine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the characteristics of acute stroke between heat pattern group and cold pattern group. Methods : We recruited stroke patients from 5 universities(Kyung-Hee University oriental medical center, Kyung-Hee University East-West Neo medical center, Kyungwon university lncheon oriental medical center, Kyungwon university Songpa oriental medical center and DongGuk university llsan oriental medical center) from April, 2007 until February, 2010. We diagnosed them and selected 463 heat pattern patients and 182 cold pattern patients. Results : We find that the risk factor of smoking, alcohol, diet(prefer to meat) are more associated with the heat pattern group. On the other hand, inflammation history in recent 3 months and diet(prefer to sea food) are more associated with the cold pattern group. RBC, Hg, Hct, TG, CK and Cl are more related to the heat pattern group. CPT, total cholesterol and HDL are more related to the cold pattern group. Tae-eum type takes high distribution of the heat pattern group, and So-eum type takes high distribution of the cold pattern group. Conclusions : This study provides evidence that the heat pattern group have more risk factor than the cold pattern group.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.54-71
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study was to revise Sasang Digestive Function Inventory (SDFI) and improve its validity and reliability using clinical data. Methods The Sasang type and Cold-Heat pattern differentiation by certified clinical specialist and responses to SDFI items were acquired from 419 hospital patients. The revision of SDFI was performed using item analysis and Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA). Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the revised SDFI (rSDFI) were investigated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Internal Consistency and Item Response Theory (IRT). And, clinical significance of the rSDFI was examined for the differentiation of Sasang types and Cold-Heat patterns. Results The number of the SDFI items were modified from 21 to 15. And, the validity and reliability of the rSDFI subscale structure were found to be acceptable. The scores of rSDFI-total and rSDFI-E significantly decreased in the order of Tae-Eum (TE), So-Yang (SY), So-Eum (SE) types, and the rSDFI score of SE type was significantly lower than that of TE and SY types. The rSDFI-total score could differentiate Cold-Heat pattern in both SY and SE types. And the difference of digestive function between Cold and Heat pattern of SE type could be explained with the rSDFI-D score. The rSDFI-total score in Cold pattern significantly decreased in the order of TE, SY, and SE types, and the rSDFI-total score of TE type is significantly higher than that of SE type in Heat pattern. Conclusions Current results demonstrated the reliability, validity and clinical usefulness of the rSDFI in clinical patients. Therefore, rSDFI can be utilized as an objective clinical measure supporting the differential diagnosis of Sasang typology.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study is to develop a structured clinical protocol related with acquisition of radial pulse wave in the randomized, $2{\times}2$ cross-over design, and cold-heat intervention trial for a pilot and preliminary study. Methods The protocol was contrived based on wide ranging literature searches for cold-heat intervention experiments and radial pulse diagnoses. Results Sample size of 60 subjects was calculated based on an effect size derived from the previous study designed to detect the pre-post cold-heat differences in the radial pulse. Each subjects will be randomly assigned to the cold (first) to heat (last) group (n=30) or heat (first) to cold (last) group (n=30). All subjects will fill out a case report form and questionnaires related with pattern identification, dietary patterns, sleep quality, and physical activity will be surveyed and used as a secondary outcomes. Safety assessment will be reported at the final stage. Conclusions This protocol will provide an additional reference to future studies related with observation of radial pulse during any interventions and also expect to be used as a guideline for acquisition of reliable radial pulse wave data.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 2019

This study was aimed to reveal that the usual cold or heat state was associated with hypertension and could be a risk. We emailed educational personnel in D university to join this study and 182 subjects participated in from March to December in 2016. The usual cold or heat diagnosis was conducted by two experts who had over 10 years expertise. The blood pressure was measured from the subjected after 10 minute rest with Jawon medical device. The hypertension was diagnosed by the guide of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The frequency analysis was used in general characteristics, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient analysis was conducted in among continuous variables, and chi-square test was also used between hypertension and cold or heat group. Logistic regression was analyzed to generate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension. The cold score was suggested to have negative association with Body mass Index (BMI, -.374, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (-.333, p<.001), and diastolic pressure (-.261, p<.001). The heat score was analyzed to have positive association with Body mass Index (.413, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (.249, p<.001), and diastolic pressure (.156, p<.001). The distribution of the cold group (35.1%) and non-cold group (64.9%) in hypertension was significantly different (p=0.18). The distribution of the heat group (62.2%) and non-heat group (37.8%) was significantly different (p=0.27). The usual cold was associated with decreased ORs (ORs 0.405, 95% CI=0.191-0.857), and usual heat was associated with increased ORs (ORs 2.327, 95% CI=1.108-4.888). However, after adjusting body mass index, sex, and smoking, the association was not significantly different. It is possible that usual cold or heat associate with hypertension. Further study is needed to show that usual heat may be a independent risk factor for hypertension through follow up design.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2010

Pulse diagnosis is considered one of the most important diagnostic methods in traditional Korean medicine. Nonetheless, there have been troubles of using pulse diagnosis practically, for the lack of its differential standards and standardized terminology. Rapid pulse belongs to the several traditional pulse types. Rapid pulse was first mentioned in the chinese medical book Haungdineijin that matched it to the fever as well as yang in the human body. Meanwhile, chinese doctors in Ming Ching dynasty of China suggested that rapid pulse meant more of the yin, cold-related reaction than yang and fever. In this study, we organized the past arguments of the rapid pulse and went back tracking what biological activities could be possibly linked to the rapid pulse. Thus, we figured out that the inflammatory mechanism has a close connection with the rapid pulse. The definition of the rapid pulse in Haungdineijin was indicating the acute inflammatory response, while in Ming Ching dynasty, it indicated the chronic inflammation. This is the deficiency-excess pattern of the rapid pulse. Furthermore, we discussed the nonexpression pattern of the rapid pulse which could be happened in case of the heat stroke, etc.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.141-149
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• 2015

Objectives Recently the fuzzy logic is widely used in the decision making, identification, pattern recognition, optimization in various fields. In this study, we propose the fuzzy logic as the objective method of distinguishing hot and cold, the basis of diagnosis in Korean medicine. Methods We developed fuzzy inference system to distinguish whether the subjects had hot or cold. The cold and hot questionnaire of Korean traditional university textbook, the pulse rate and the DITI value of face used in the system. These three kinds of information were defined as 'fuzzy sets,' and 54 fuzzy rules were established on the basis of clinical practitioners' knowledge. The fuzzy inference was performed by using the Mamdani's method. To evaluate the usefulness of the fuzzy inference system, 200 cases of data measured in the Woosuk university hospital of oriental medicine were used to compare the determining hot, normal, cold results obtained from the experts and from the proposed system. Results As a result, 100 cases of "cold", 54 cases of "normal", and 34 cases of "hot" were matched between the experts and the proposed system. This fuzzy system showed the conformity degree of 94%(${\kappa}=0.853$). Conclusions In this study, we could express the process of distinguishing hot-cold using the fuzzy logic for objectification and quantification of hot-cold identification. This is the first study that introduce a fuzzy logic for distinguish pattern identification. The degree of the heat characteristic of the patients inferred by this system could provide a more objective basis for diagnosing the hot-cold of patients.