• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2003

The monthly observations of hydrography in the Cheju Strait from September 1995 to June 1998 show that the Cheju Strait is occupied mostly by Tsushima Current Water in winter and coastal waters in summer. In summer, the Yangtze Coastal Water appears in the upper layer and cold water in the lower layer. Especially, the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water appears in August 1997, and the clockwise flow of warm water along the northwestern coasts of Cheju Island is disturbed by an eastward expansion of the cold water from the northwest. The cold water expansion seems to be partly associated with strong southeasterly winds. Current measurements in the Cheju Strait suggest that there exists steady eastward barotropic component of about 5 cm/sec, which corresponds to 0.2 Sv barotropic transport in the Cheju Strait. Geostropic transport (baroclinic component) ranges from 0.1 Sv in winter to 0.4 Sv in summer. By adding the barotrophic component of 0.2 Sv, the total transport varies from 0.3 Sv to 0.6 Sv, which is consistent with previous estimations. The transport increase in summer seems to be caused by the expansion of coastal water to the Cheju Strait.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.191-207
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• 2022

Using the results of CTD casts made in Spring from 2017 to 2021, in this study we investigated the water mass distribution and occurrence of temperature inversion in the western seas of Jeju Island in spring. The distribution of water masses was characterized by cold and fresh water in the northwest and warm and saline water in the southeast, forming a strong thermohaline front running in the southwest-to-northeast direction. Strong temperature inversion mainly occurred in the frontal boundary when the cold water intrudes beneath the warm water at depths of 30-50 m. Analysis of the mixing ratio demonstrated that Jeju Warm Water is dominantly distributed in the western seas of Jeju Island, but its ratio can be modified depending on the southward extension of Yellow Sea Cold Water (YSCW). Results of in situ measurement showed that in 2020, the YSCW largely expanded to the western seas of Jeju Island, occupying approximately 40 % of the mixing ratio. Due to the expansion of YSCW, a strong thermohaline front was formed in the study area, thereby causing thick and strong temperature inversion. On the other hand, in 2018 the mixing ratio of YSCW was minimum (~18%) during the study period of 2017-2021, and thus a relatively weak frontal boundary was formed, without the occurrence of temperature inversion. The observational results also suggest that the interannual changes of water mass distribution and the associated temperature inversion in the western seas of Jeju Island are closely related with wind-driven Yellow Sea circulation in spring, which is the summer monsoon transition period.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2020

The association of cold-heat (CH) pattern and anthropometry/body composition has been suggested in that they are related to thermoregulation. We aimed to study the association of CH pattern and anthropometry/body composition. A total of 1479 individuals aged 50-80 years were included in the study, and their CH pattern were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. After adjustment for age and sex, the CH score were significantly correlated with weight, BMI (body mass index), body surface area, waist-hip ratio, fat free mass, body fat mass, body cell mass, intracellular water, extracellular water, and basal metabolic rate; however, the correlation coefficients were mostly low (0.15-0.24). The selected variables for predicting CH score were various according to the methods used for variable selection; however, the adjusted R-squared of the final models were all around 0.12. Thus the most parsimonious model could be the one that includes sex and BMI. In conclusion, various anthropometry and body composition indices were associated with CH pattern. Future studies are necessary to improve the performance of the prediction model.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.169-171
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 위성관측 해양표면수온과 클로로필 영상 및 현장관측 자료를 이용하여 동해남부 냉수대 발생 주변해역의 단기변동을 조사하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 2007년 8월 하계 계절풍 기간 동안의 동한난류 주변의 해양표면수온과 클로로필의 공간변동에 주목하였다. 본 연구기간에 조사한 동한난류 해역의 해양표면수온과 클로로필의 공간분포는 (1) 연안 냉수대해역, (2) 수온전선의 냉수대해역, (3) 동한난류해역, (4) 외해 냉수해역으로 구분할 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.243-259
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• 2021

The spatial and temporal behaviors and fluctuations of the cold water that appeared in the South East Sea and the East Sea coast from 2016 to 2017 were investigated. The water temperature drop was large in the east coast from April to June and the southeast coast from July to September, and the temperature drop period was longer in the southeast coast. The water temperature fluctuated sensitively to the wind direction, and it gradually decreased in the southwest wind but rose as if jumping in the northeast wind. Wind stress and surface water temperature had an inverse correlation, which was larger in Bukhang-Idukseo, and decreased toward the north of Guryongpo. The cold water appeared mainly in Geojedo-Pohang after 1 to 2 days when the southwest wind was strong, but when the wind became weak, it shrank to the Idukseo (Ulgi-Gampo) and extended into the open sea in a tongue shape. Cold water was distributed only in Samcheok-Toseong in mid-May, Idukseo-Guryongpo and Hupo-Jukbyeon-Samcheok from late May to mid-July, and Bukhang-Idukseo in August-September. The intensity of cold water was greatest in mid-August, and the center of cold water descended from the east coast to the southeast coast from spring to summer. The water temperature fluctuation was dominant at the periods of 1 d and 7-21 d. In wavelet spectrum analysis of water temperature and wind, wind speed increase-water temperature decrease showed phase difference of 12 h in 2 d, 18 h in 3 d, 1.5 d in 4-8 d, and 2-3 d in 8-24 d period. The correlation between the two parameters was large in Geojedo and Namhang, Bukhang-Idukseo, Guryongpo-Jukbyeon, and Samcheok-Toseong. Monitoring stations with high correlation in all periods were generally parallel to the monsoon direction.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

최근 지구온난화로 인하여 동해안 어족 자원의 감소와 변화, 해저 식생의 아열대화와 같이 동해 연안 생태계의 급격한 변화가 주목되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1960년도부터 2005년 사이 지난 45년 동안 매년 월별로 정선해양관측한 수온, 염분, 용존산소 등의 자료를 분석하여 동해 연안에 존재하는 해수 수괴들의 특성과 지구온난화로 인한 수괴별 물리, 화학적 특성 변화를 고찰하였다. 전 수괴의 수온이 지난 45년 동안 상승하였으며, 대마난류계수(약 $1.6^{\circ}C$ 상승)보다 북한한류계수(약 $2.33^{\circ}C$)의 상승폭이 약 1.5배 크며, 기후변화의 직접적인 영향을 받는 대마난류계 표층 수온의 상승폭이 $2.57^{\circ}C$로 기온 변화폭 보다 크다. 이는 육상상태계보다 연안 생태계의 아열대화가 훨씬 빠른 속도로 진행될 수 있음을 암시한다. 반면, 표층수의 염분은 기온상승과 더불어 강수량의 증가 추세로 지난 45년 동안 약 $0.29\%_{\circ}$ 감소하였다. 용존산소농도는 전 수괴에서 감소하는 추세이며, 특히 수온 상승폭이 큰 북한한류계수의 용존산소농도 감소가 년 간 0.021 mg/l로 가장 크다. 동해고유수의 용존산소 감소는 수온 증가와 더불어 동해 내부해양순환 시스템의 변화를 암시하며, 차후, 수온 상승과 함께 연안 수산 생물의 서식환경에 부정적인 요인으로 작용할 것이다.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.285-289
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• 2004

Oceanographic observation and qualitative analysis for deep ocean water in the East Sea were carried out from January 2003 to January 2004, in order to understand the characteristics of deep sea water in the East Sea. Temporal and spatial variation of water masses were discussed from survey of the study area including the coastal sea of Kwangwon province in where the polar front mixing cold and warm water masses were formed. On the basis of the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area were divided into 5 major groups; (1) Low Saline Surface Water (LSSW) (2) Tsushima Surface water (TSW) (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW) (4) North Korea Cold Water (NKCW) and (5) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). In winter, surface water in coastal sea of Kwangwaan Kosung region were dominated by North Korean Cold Water (NKCW). As Tsushima warm current were enforced in summer, various water masses were vertically emerged in study area, in order of TSW, TMW, NKCW and ESPW. It is highly possible that the LSSW which occurred at surface water of september is originated from influx of fresh water due to the seasonal rainy spell. Nevertheless water masses existed within surface water were seasonally varied, water quality characteristics of East Sea Proper Water (ESPW) under 300 m did not changed all the seasons of the year.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.16-33
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• 2000

In order to measure the vertical fluxes of particles and reactive radionuclides such as thorium and polonium isotopes, Dunbar-type sediment traps were freely deployed at the Ulleung Basin and in warm and cold water masses around the polar front of the East Sea. We estimated the ratios of the catched (F) to the predicted $^234$Th fluxes (P) using natural tracers pair $^234$Th-$^238$U. The F/P ratios are decreased with increasing water depth. Whereas the concentrations of suspended particles are homogeneous in water column, the mass fluxes are also decreased with increasing water depth like the F/P ratios. These facts indicate that organic matters of settling particles are destructed within the euphotic layer due to decomposition. Whereas regenerations of sinking particles are negligible in the cold water mass, about 80% of them are regenerated in the warm water mass during falling of large particles. These downward mass fluxes are closely correlated with their primary productions in euphotic zone. The activities of $^234$Th, $^228$Th and $^210$Po in the sinking material were increased with water depth. Because $^234$Th steadily produced in the water column are cumulatively adsorbed on the surface of sinking particles, vertical $^234$Th fluxes were observed to increase with water depth. Therefore, these sinking particles play important roles in transporting the particle reactive elements like thorium from surface to the deep sea. The scavenging processes including adsorption and settling reactions generate radio-disequilibrium between daughter and parent nuclides in water column. The activity ratios of $^234$Th/$^238$U and $^228$Th/$^228$Ra were observed to be < 1.0 in the surface water and approached to be equilibrium below the thermocline. The extent of the deficiency of daughter nuclides compared to the parents nuclide was highly correlated with the vertical particle flux. Because most of the $^210$Po in the surface water are scavenged on a labile phase and are recycled at sub-surface depths (< 200 m), the $^210$Po are always observed to be excess activities compared to $^226$Ra in surface water.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2021

Six shear coaxial injectors with different recess length and taper angle were manufactured. Cold-flow tests on the injectors were performed at room temperature and pressure using water and air as simulants. By changing the water mass flow rate and air mass flow rate, spray images were taken under single-injection and bi-injection. Breakup length and spray angle were analyzed from instantaneous and averaged spray images using image processing techniques. For all the injectors, the breakup length generally decreased as the momentum flux ratio increased at the same gas mass flow rate. The injectors with 7.5° taper angle usually had the longest breakup length and the smallest spray angle. When the taper angle was 15° or more, it hardly affected breakup length and spray angle. The recess length did not influence breakup length but its effect on spray angle depended on the taper angle.

• 환경생물
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-36
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• 2013

남해 동부해역에서 해수는 계절에 따라 서로 다른 수질환경 특성의 수괴들에 의해 조절되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 홍수기인 여름철 표층수는 북한한류 기원의 동해 냉수괴 특성의 수괴-A (East Sea Cold Water), 담수의 영향이 강한 연안성 수괴-B (river-dominated coastal water), 연안 염하구성 수괴-C (coastal pseudo-estuarine water)로 구분된다. 특징적으로 높은 영양염과 엽록소 농도를 갖는 저염의 염하구성 수괴-B는 홍수기인 여름철에 해안선에서 수 십 km 떨어진 해역까지 짧은 기간 일시적으로 형성되며, 집중호우 등 몬순(monsoon)기후 특성을 갖는 우리나라 연안역에서 육지-해양간 물질 순환에 상당한 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다. 여름철 저층수는 저온-고염의 냉수인 저층 냉수괴-D(bottom cold water)가 지배적이며, 표층수의 수괴들과 비교하여 전체적으로 수온, pH, 용존 산소량은 낮은 반면, 높은 영양염 농도 특성을 갖는다. 여름철 저층 냉수괴의 높은 영양염 농도는 강한 성층과 낮은 수온으로 인하여 식물플랑크톤 번식이 제한되어 보존-축적된 결과로, 갈수기인 겨울철 영양염의 주요 공급원으로 작용한다. 갈수기인 겨울철 연구해역의 해수환경은 여름철과 다르게 대마난류수 (수괴-E)가 광범위하게 분포하며, 해안선을 따라 연안역의 좁은 범위에 대마난류수가 약간 변질된 연안성 수괴-F가 분포한다. 특히 광양만, 마산만 등의 반폐쇄성 지형의 여러 만(bay)들에 위치하는 연안성 수괴-F에서는 갈수기인 겨울철에도 낮은 수심과 느린 유속 등에 의해 기초생산력이 높으며, 이로인한 겨울철 영양염 고갈(depletion) 현상이 뚜렷하게 나타난다. 또한 남해 연안성 수괴와 대마난류 수괴사이에 연안전선이 발달하며, 이러한 전선은 직간접적으로 남해의 기초생산력을 조절하는 중요 환경요소로 작용할 것으로 예상된다. 결론적으로 연구해역은 계절적으로 다른 특성의 수괴의 수괴가 복합적으로 분포하며, 여름철의 수질환경과 일차 생태계는 크게 연안 염하구성 수괴와 저층의 냉수괴 발달 정도에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상되며, 겨울철에는 외양에서 유입되는 대마난류 수괴의 특성에 따라 지배될 것으로 분석된다. 또한 용존무기인이 잠재적 제한영양염으로 작용하는 서해 연안역과 달리 남해 연안역은 대부분 용존무기질소가 잠재적 제한영양염으로 작용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 제한영양염의 차이는 서해와 남해 연안역이 서로 다른 환경과 다른 생태계 구조를 갖고 있음을 지시한다.