• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2007

배경: 개심술 시 불충분한 심근 보호로 인한 허혈과 재관류 손상은 술 후 심실 기능과 예후에 영향을 미친다. 본 저자들은 승모판막 수술에서 HTK 용액과 냉혈 혈성 심정지액이 심근 보호와 임상 결과에 미치는 영향을 전향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 대상 뜻 방법: 승모판막폐쇄부전으로 승모판막수술을 받는 70명의 환자 중 8명의 환자를 제외한 31명에서 HTK 용액을(HTK군), 31명에서 냉혈 혈성 심정지액을(CBC군) 사용하였다. 수술 중과 후에 환자의 혈역학, 심혈관계 약물과 심장박동조율기의 사용, 임상경과 및 합병증을 관찰하였다. 모든 환자에서 최소 6개월 이상 사망률과 이환율을 추적 관찰하였다. 결과: 혈역학적 변수는 평균폐동맥압, 중심정맥압과 폐모세혈관쐐기압이 체외순환으로부터 이탈 후 시기에 HTK군에서 유의하게 낮았던 점을 제외하고는 모든 시기에서 군 간 차이가 없었다. 심근수축제와 심장박동조율기의 사용은 모든 시기에서 군 간 차이가 없었다. 수술 후 1일과 2일째 CK-MB 수치는 HTK군에서 $77{\pm}54,\;41{\pm}23$ (ng/mL)로 CBC군의 $70{\pm}69,\;44{\pm}34$ (ng/mL)와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 6개월 이상의 추적관찰 중 임상경과는 비슷하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과에서 HTK 용액은 냉혈 혈성 심정지액과 비슷한 심근 보호효과를 가짐을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.32-35
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• 1993

During the period from September 1989 through December 1992, 118 cases of coronary arterial bypass graft were performed at Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Asan Medical Center. Twenty-one of these had history of recent or remote percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. They consisted of 13 males[age,58.7 + 5.4 years] and 8 females[age, 63.6 + 2.8years] with the mean age of 60.6. History of old myocardial infarction was noted in 24%[5/21] of the patients and congestive heart failure in 2 cases. The angina by type of presentation is unstable in all of the patients. The patterns of involvement of coronary arterial disease were left main disease[1], single vessel disease[5], double vessel involvement[10], and triple vessel involvement[5]. We performed 4 cases of single bypasses, 7 cases of double, 8 cases of triple, and 2 cases of quadruple bypasses. Total of 51 grafts[LIMA:12, RSVG:39] were inserted in 21 cases with average of 2.4 grafts per patient. The methods of myocardial protection were cold blood cardioplegia[8 cases], intermittent aortic occlusion[11], and continuous coronary perfusion with local coronary sharing[2]. There were no operative or late death. The only cardiac complication was 1 case of low cardiac output required IABP. The other complications were 1 case of sternal wound infection and 1 case of postoperative bleeding required reoperation. And there was no case of perioperative myocardial infarction. Postoperatively, 3 cases of recurrent angina were detected at 5, 7, and 18months after surgery. One of them was managed successfully with repeat PTCA[who was recurred 18 months postoperatively], and the other two with medication. I conclude that we can approach the patients more aggressively with PTCA, because of our acceptable operative risks.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.363-366
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• 2003

배경: 급성심근경색 후 좌심실벽 파열은 높은 사망률을 보이는 심각한 합병증으로 보통 응급 수술이 유일한 치료법이다. 지속적인 흉통과 실신을 주소로 내원한 76세 여자 환자로 심초음파에서 심낭 삼출 및 좌심실 측하부의 수축 저하 소견을 보였고 관상동맥조영술에서 첫 사선지의 완전 폐쇄소견이 관찰되었다. 폐쇄된 사선지에 관상동맥성형술 및 스텐트 삽입, 그리고 대동맥내 풍선펌프 삽입 후 응급수술을 시행하였다. 체외순환 및 심정지하에 관상동맥우회술을 시행하고 좌심실벽 파열부위는 소 심낭으로 덮고 인조사로 연속 봉합하였으며 소 심낭과 심장외막 사이의 공간은 fibrin glue로 채운 후 지혈될 때까지 압박하였다. 급성심근경색 후 발생한 좌심실벽 파열을 치험하였기에 보고한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 1981

Fourteen Infants with congenital cardiac anomalies underwent primary surgical Intervention within the first 12 months of life. There were eight patients with ventricular septal defect, two with total anomalous pulmonary venous return [TAPVR], and the remainders with tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great arteries [d-TGA], Taussing-Bing malformation, and coronary A-V fistula. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 12 months, with a mean age of 9.9 months. The mean weight was 6.7 Kg [3.8 to 9.5 KS]. Congestive heart failure persisting despite intensive medical treatment was present In 8 patients [56%], and was the most common indication for operation. Early operation was necessary in 5 of these patients [35%], because of failure to thrive and recurrent pulmonary infection. In one patient with TOF, frequent hypoxic spell prompted the necessity for early operation. In cases of VSD, TAP. VR, TOF, and coronary A-V fistula, Intracardiac repair was done with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, chemical cold cardioplegia, and topical myocardial cooling. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with surface induced cooling, followed by core cooling and core rewarming, was employed .for better exposure in the cases of d-TGA and Taussing-Bing malformation. The results were however, not satisfactory. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. There were no deaths in the eight patients with VSD. The one with coronary A-V fistula survived. The other 5 cases all expired either on the table or immediately after operation. The non-fatal post-operative complications included low cardiac output, respiratory insufficiency, bleeding, and temporary A-V block. The causes of death were prolonged circulatory arrest time in d-TGA, complete A-V block and low cardiac output in TOF and Taussing-Bing malformation and prolonged bypass time and Inadequate correction in TAPVR.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.388-398
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• 1981

Fourteen Infants with congenital cardiac anomalies underwent primary surgical Intervention within the first 12 months of life. There were eight patients with ventricular septal defect, two with total anomalous pulmonary venous return [TAPVR], and the remainders with tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great arteries [d-TGA], Taussing-Bing malformation, and coronary A-V fistula. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 12 months, with a mean age of 9.9 months. The mean weight was 6.7 Kg [3.8 to 9.5 KS]. Congestive heart failure persisting despite intensive medical treatment was present In 8 patients [56%], and was the most common indication for operation. Early operation was necessary in 5 of these patients [35%], because of failure to thrive and recurrent pulmonary infection. In one patient with TOF, frequent hypoxic spell prompted the necessity for early operation. In cases of VSD, TAP. VR, TOF, and coronary A-V fistula, Intracardiac repair was done with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, chemical cold cardioplegia, and topical myocardial cooling. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with surface induced cooling, followed by core cooling and core rewarming, was employed .for better exposure in the cases of d-TGA and Taussing-Bing malformation. The results were however, not satisfactory. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. There were no deaths in the eight patients with VSD. The one with coronary A-V fistula survived. The other 5 cases all expired either on the table or immediately after operation. The non-fatal post-operative complications included low cardiac output, respiratory insufficiency, bleeding, and temporary A-V block. The causes of death were prolonged circulatory arrest time in d-TGA, complete A-V block and low cardiac output in TOF and Taussing-Bing malformation and prolonged bypass time and Inadequate correction in TAPVR.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.321-337
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• 1980

The increasing use of cardioplegic solution for the reduction of ischemic tissue injury requires that all cardiplegic solution be carefully assessed for any protective or damaging properties. This study describes functional, enzymatic and structural assessment of the efficiency of three cardioplegic solutions (Young & GIK, Bretschneider, and $K^{+}$ Albumin solution) in a Modified Isolated Rat Heart Model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic arrest. Isolated rat heart were subjected to a 2-minute period of coronary infusion with a cold cardioplegic or a noncardioplegic solution immediately before and also at the midpoint of a 60-minute period of hypothermic ($10{\pm}1$. C) ischemic cardiac arrest. The results of this study were as follow: 1. Spontaneous heart beat after ischemic arrest occured 16 seconds later after Langendorff reperfusion in the Young & GIK group (n=6), and 40 second later in the Bretschneider group (n=6) and 6 minute later in the $K^{+}$ Albumin group (n=6), and 16 minute later in the control group (non-cardioplegia). A good recovery state of spontaneous heart beat was shown in the Young & GIK and Bretschneider groups. 2. The percentage of recorveries of heart function at 30 minute after postischemic working heart perfusion were : heart rate $91.6{\pm}3.1$% (P<0.01)m oeaj airtuc oressyre $83{\pm}3$% (P<0.01), coronary flow $70{\pm}8$% (P<0.05) and aortic flow flow rate $39{\pm}9.3$% (P<0.05) in the Young & GIK group. This percentage of recoveries of the Young & GIK group was significantly greater than the control group. In the Bretschneider group, the percentage of recoveries were : heart rate $87.8{\pm}7.5$%(P<0.05), peak aortic pressure $71{\pm}2.3$% (P<0.05) and aortic flow rate $33.2{\pm}6.6$%(P<0.05). hte percentage of recoveries were significantly greater than in the control group. In the $K^{+}$ Albumin group, recoveries of heart function were poor. 3. Total CPK leakage was $131.2{\pm}12.75$IU/30 min/gm. dry weight in the control group, $50.65{\pm}12.75$IU in the Young & GIK gruop, $69.40{\pm}32.21$Iu in Bretschneider group, and $103.65{\pm}15.47$IU in the $K^{+}$ Albumin group during the 30 minute postischemic Langendorff reperfusion. Total CPK leakage was significantly less (P<0.001) in the Young & GIK group, than in the control group. 4. Direct correlatin between percentage recovery of aortic flow rate and total amount of CPK leakage from Myocardium was noticed.(Correlation Coefficient r = 0.76, P<0.001). 5. Mild perivascular edema was the only finding of light microscopic study of myocardium after 60 minute ischemic arrest with cold cardioplegic solutions and hypothermla.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.817-826
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• 2004

배경: 심혈관 수술 시 일반적으로 사용하는 저체온 체외순환이 세포의 저체온 손상, 말초혈관계의 비정상적 반응 및 수술 후 높은 출혈 경향을 일으키는데 비해 정상체온 체외순환은 이러한 저체온 체외순환의 유해한 효과들을 예방하고 심장의 빠른 회복을 가져다준다고 한다. 저자들의 연구는 염증 및 혈액학적 반응에 대한 저체온 체외순환과 정상체온 체외순환의 영향을 비교하기 위해 전향적으로 실시되었다. 대상 및 방법: 심장수술이 계획된 34명의 성인 환자들을 연구목적에 따라 무작위로 저체온 체외순환군(비인두 온도 26～28$^{\circ}C$, n=17, 저체온군)과 정상체온 체외순환군(비인두 온도&35.5$^{\circ}C$, n=17, 정상체온군)으로 나누었다. 심근보호는 양 군 모두 비혈액성 냉각심정지법을 적용하였다. 환자들로부터 체외순환 시작 전(Pre-CPB), 체외순환 실시 10분(CPB-10), 체외순환 종료 후(CPB-OFF)에 요골동맥으로부터 혈액을 채취하여 총 백혈구 수, 혈소판 수, interleukin-6 (IL-6)농도의 변화율(백분율로 표시), D-dimer 농도, protein C 활성도 및 Protein S 활성도를 측정하였고 수술 후 24시간 출혈량, 혈액제제 사용량도 조사하여 양 군 간에 비교 평가하였다. 결과: Pre-CPB에 비해 CPB-OFF의 경우 정상체온군의 총 백혈구 수(10,032$\pm$65/mm$^3$) 및 IL-6 증가율(353$\pm$7.0%)이 저체온군의 총 백혈구 수(7,254$\pm$$48/mm^3$) 및 IL-6 증가율(298$\pm$7.3%)보다 유의하게 높았다(p=0.02 및 p=0.03). 그러나 정상체온군의 protein C activity (32$\pm$3.8%) 및 protein S activity (35$\pm$4.1%)는 저체온군의 protein C activity (45$\pm$4.3%) 및 Protein S activity (51$\pm$3.8%)보다 유의하게 낮았다(p=0.04 및 p=0.009). 체외 순환 중 혈소판 수와 D-dimer농도의 변화는 양 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 정상체온군의 수술 후 24시간 출혈량(850$\pm$23.2 mL) 및 수혈을 위한 농축적혈구(1,402$\pm$20.5 mL), 신선냉동혈장(970$\pm$20.8 mL), 농축 혈소판(252$\pm$6.4 rnL) 사용량은 저체온군의 수술 후 24시간 출혈량(530$\pm$21.5 mL) 및 수혈을 위한 농축적혈구(696$\pm$15.7 mL), 신선냉동혈장(603$\pm$18.2 mL), 농축혈소판(50$\pm$0.0 mL) 사용량보다 유의하게 더 높았다(p=0.04 및 p=0.01, p=0.04, p=0.01). 결론: 정상체온 체외순환은 저체온 체외순환에 비해 더 높은 염증반응, 수술 후 더 많은 출혈 및 혈액제제 사용량의 증가를 유발하므로, 저자들은 심장수술시 정상체온 순환법을 일상적으로 사용하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.638-645
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 사용된 혈성심정지용액에 의한 심근보호의 효과를 평가하고 심근보호를 평가하는 방법에 있어서 심근 미세구조관찰의 유용성과 다른 검사방법들과의 상관관계를 알아 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 판막수술 및 관상동맥우회로술을 시행한 18명의 환자의 심전도, CK의 MB 동위효소, SGOT, LDH1과 LDH2의 비 등의 변화를 측정하고 반정량적인 방법을 통해 심근 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하였다. 인공심폐기 가동 직전과 인공심폐기 가동 직후 우심방 부속지에 조직검사를 시행하였고, 심근관련 혈청효소치들과 심전도는 술 후 3일 동안 검사하여 최고치를 구하였으며 심전도에서는 새로운 Q파나 ST분절의 상승을 관찰하였다. 결과: 대상환자는 남자 8명, 여자 10명이었으며 평균연령은 55.6$\pm$13세였다. 판막수술을 시행한 환자는 8명 관상동맥우회로술을 시행한 환자는 10명이었고, 평균 체외순환시간은 119$\pm$29분이었고 평균 대동맥차단시간은 75.4$\pm$24분이었다 체외순환 직전의 1.28$\pm$0.53이었던 평균 사립체 변화점수가 체외순환이후에는 2.35$\pm$0.79로 의미있게 증가했으나 술 후 심근경색을 시사하는 심근관련 혈청효소치의 증가나 심전도상의 새로운 Q파의 발견이나 ST분절의 상승은 없었다. 그리고 체외순환인 직전 및 직후 심근 사립체 변화점수, 또한 이들의 차는 체외순환시간 및 대동맥차단시간과 상관관계가 없었으며, 술 후 CK-MB, SGOT, LDH1/LDH2 등의 최고치와도 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나 체외순환시간과 LDH1/LDH2수치는 유의한 상관관계를 보였다 결론: 혈성심정지용액을 사용한 이번 연구에서 심근관련혈청수치나 심전도상에서 만족스러운 결과를 보였지만 심근의 미세구조에는 많은 변화가 있었으며 보다 많은 연구들이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.850-860
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• 1996

활성산소는 동물실험에서 심근 재관류손상의 중요기전으로 알려져 있으나 실제 임상상황에서의 역할은 아직도 논란이 많다. 본 연구에서는 냉혈 심마비 액을 사용한 심근보호법을 이용하여 관상동맥우회술 을 시행받는 환자들을 대상으로 하여 심근허혈후 재관류시 활성산소에 의한 심근의 손상 정도 및 활성 산소 방어효소계의 변동과 그 기전을 규명하고자 하였다. 관상동맥우회술을 받는 환자(n=10)를 대상으로 하여 관상정 맥동 환류혈액 에서 상행대동맥 차단 전과 재관류 20분 후에 lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatinG phosphokinase MB 분획(CK-MB)과 malondialdehyde(MDA)의 농도를 측정하였으며 또한 같은 시각에 심근의 superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase(GSHPX), glutathione reductase(GSSGRd) 그BT고 glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase(GGPDH)의 활성도를 측정하였다 관상정 맥동혈에서의 LDH(268 $\pm$40.3 to 448 $\pm$ 84.9 ml plasma)와 CK-MB(4.50$\pm$ 2.33 to 27.1$\pm$13.5 Ulml plasma)의 활성도 그리고 MDA(5.87$\pm$2.02 to 10.5$\pm$2.23 nmol/ml plsma)의 양은 상행대동맥 차단 전에 비하여 재관류 후에 현저히 증가하였으 \ulcorner심근의 SOD(13.5$\pm$4.04 to 20.7$\pm$8.56 mg protein), GSHPX(279 $\pm$)7.2 to 325$\pm$51.4 mU/mg protein) 그리고 GSSCRd(97.2$\pm$15.9 to 122 $\pm$25.1 m2/mg protein)의 활성도도 재관류후에 현저히 증가하였다 반면 심근의 catalase와GSPDH의 활성도는의미있는 변화가 없었다 한편 SOD에 대한 Western blot결과 Cu, Zn-SOD의 양이 현저하게 증가되었음을 관찰 하였다. 이상의 결과들로 관상동맥우회술시 상행대동맥차단에 따른 심근허혈후 재관류에 의하여 활성산소에 의한 산화성 심근손상이 일어나지만 동시에 활성산소 방어효소계의 활성 또한 증가됨으로써 심근손상 의 정도가 약화되었을 가능성을 추정할 수 있으며 이러한 활성산소 방어효소의 활성증가는효소단백의 광합성 증가에 의한 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.230-240
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• 1987

Cardioplegia and myocardial protection were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass during open-heart surgery with the use of cold St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution [4=C] for the coronary artery perfusion and normal saline solution [4- C] for the topical cardiac cooling. To maintain the state of myocardial protection, coronary artery reperfusion was carried out using St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution at the interval of 30 minutes. A total number of patients studied were 57 cases, including 37 cases of correction for congenital cardiac anomalies and 20 cases for acquired heart valvular diseases. Cardiopulmonary bypass time during the surgery was observed to be average of 87.89*47.55 hours, aortic cross-clamping time to be average of 76.68~44.27 hours raging from 30 to 191 minutes. In order to evaluate the effects of myocardial protection in the surgery, serum enzyme levels were determined. To observe the relationship between aortic cross-clamping time and myocardial protection effects, patients studied were divided into the following 3 groups. I group: aortic cross-clamping time, 60 minutes, II group: aortic cross-clamping time, 90 minutes, III group: aortic cross-clamping time, over 91 minutes. 1. Changes in serum enzyme levels in postoperative period. [1] SCOT; The postoperative value [increased over 200 units] for ischemic myocardial injury during operation was observed in 11 cases [19.3% of the total] of the total patients studied, of which 4 cases [13.3%] in I group, 1 case [10.0%] in II group, and 6 cases [35.3%] in III group. [2] LDH; The positive value [increased over 900 units] for ischemic myocardial injury during operation was observed in 9 cases [15.7% of the total] of the total patients studied, of which 2 cases [6.6%] in I group, 1 case [10.0%] in II group, and 6 cases [35.3%] in III group. [3] CPK; The positive value [increased over 800 units] for ischemic myocardial injury during operation was observed in 10 cases [17. 5% of the total] of the total patients studied, including 4 cases [13. 3%] in I group, 1 case [10.0%] in II group, and 5 cases [29.4%] in III group. 2. The myocardial protection method used in the present study was demonstrated to be effective for the myocardial protection in the surgery with aortic cross-clamping time of up to 90 minutes. A few ischemic myocardial injury were observed in the surgery with aortic cross-clamping time over 91 minutes, but no significant cardiac dysfunction was noted. The surgery with aortic cross-clamping time of up to 191 minutes did not appear to give rise any significant interference with postoperative recovery.