• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of natural landscapes in the context of work environments. The study examined the impact of natural landscapes on urban office workers' stress reduction and cognitive performance, using physiological, psychological, and cognitive measures. One-hundred-twenty urban office workers participated in the experiments. The physiological measures used were GSR (galvanic skin response) and IBI (interbeat interval), and the psychological measure was ZIPERS (Zucherman Inventory of Personal Reactions). Cognitive performance was measured using a mental arithmetic test that had been developed by a pretest. The results from the physiological, psychological, and cognitive measures converged to indicate that the natural landscape had more beneficial effects in relieving both psychological and physiological stress and in enhancing cognitive performance of the of office workers than the city landscape. The results suggest wide applications in the fields of workers' well-being and landscape research. First, the results can provide reliable information for promoting natural landscaping in work places in order to relieve worker stress and enhance cognitive performance. Second, the results provide an example for future empirical landscape research using multiple measurements, such as psychological, physiological, and cognitive tests. Third, they can foster experimental research to investigate the relationship between stress reduction and natural landscapes.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.469-491
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• 2015

본 연구는 영재아동들의 집행기능 중 억제처리과정을 폭넓게 살펴보기 위하여 진행되었으며, 억제처리과정을 인지적 차원과 정서적 차원으로 구분하여 처리 양상을 비교 분석하였다. 실험은 국내의 ${\times}{\times}$ 대학부설 영재교육원에 재학 중인 영재아동들 총 100명(성별에 따라 남62 및 여38, 학년에 따라 초등46, 중등54)을 대상으로 진행되었다. 실험 1에서는 인지적 요소가 포함된 억제처리 기능을 알아보기 위하여 단어-색상 스트룹 과제(word-color Stroop task)를 사용하였고, 실험 2에서는 정서적 요소가 포함된 억제처리 기능을 알아보기 위하여 정서 스트룹 과제(emotional Stroop task)를 사용하였다. 실험 결과, 영재아동들은 억제처리 과정에서 인지적 자동반응을 억제하기 위한 인지적 비용이 발생하였으며, 이는 성별에 따른 차이는 없었으나 연령이 증가할수록 인지적 비용이 유의미하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 정서적 요소가 포함되는 억제처리 과정에서는 간섭 비용이나 정서로 인한 인지편향이 유의하게 발생하지 않았으며, 성별이나 연령에 따른 차이도 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과는 영재아동들의 인지적 억제처리와 정서적 억제처리가 동일한 기제가 아닌 구분되는 처리 양상임을 시사한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2011

Objectives: Stressors in nursing put high demands on cognitive control and, therefore, may increase the risk of cognitive failures that put patients at risk. Task-related stressors were expected to be positively associated with cognitive failure at work and job control was expected to be negatively associated with cognitive failure at work. Methods: Ninety-six registered nurses from 11 Swiss hospitals were investigated (89 women, 7 men, mean age = 36 years, standard deviation = 12 years, 80% supervisors, response rate 48%). A new German version of the Workplace Cognitive Failure Scale (WCFS) was employed to assess failure in memory function, failure in attention regulation, and failure in action exertion. In linear regression analyses, WCFS was related to work characteristics, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Results: The German WCFS was valid and reliable. The factorial structure of the original WCF could be replicated. Multilevel regression task-related stressors and conscientiousness were significantly related to attention control and action exertion. Conclusion: The study sheds light on the association between job characteristics and work-related cognitive failure. These associations were unique, i.e. associations were shown even when individual differences in conscientiousness and neuroticism were controlled for. A job redesign in nursing should address task stressors.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.97-120
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• 2015

본 연구는 소비자 공감 반응에 대한 연구로 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 하여 실증분석을 통해 검증하였으며, 연구결과를 토대로 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 소비자 공감 반응에 대한 관계를 살펴보기 위해 인지적 반응(매력성, 친숙성, 실제적 자아일치성, 이상적 자아일치성 그리고 동감)요인, 감정적 반응(공감, 몰입, 애착) 그리고 인지적 반응과 감정적 반응을 매개하는 동일시와 상호작용성의 역할 및 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 가설을 검증한 결과 2개의 가설(가설 1-1, 가설 3)을 제외하고 모든 가설이 채택되었다. 이에 대한 구체적인 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인물매력성, 실제적 자아일치성을 제외하고, 스토리 매력성, 인물친숙성, 스토리친숙성, 이상적 자아일치성은 동감에 정의 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 인지적 반응과 감정적 반응을 매개하는 변수로 동일시, 그리고 상호작용성의 관계 및 역할을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 동감반응과 공감반응의 매개 역할로 동일시와 상호작용성 모두 정의 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 감정적 반응간의 관계를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 먼저 공감과 몰입 그리고 애착은 모두 정의 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

This study was designed to analyze the effect of servicescape and human service quality on patients' internal response and their behavioral intention in dental care organizations. Self-administered survey questionnaires with structured instruments were developed, and a total of 226 responses were used for statistical analyses using SPSS Windows version 18.0 program and AMOS 18.0 program. Major findings of the study are as follows. First, among other servicescape components, air condition environment was found to have a positive effect on patients' cognitive and physiological responses, while signals and symbols had a positive effect on cognitive and emotional responses. Second, the competence, among other factors of the human service quality, had positive influence on cognitive and emotional responses, while customer understanding affected positively on emotional response. Third, none of the servicescape components showed a direct effect on patients' behavioral intention, but their influence was mediated by internal responses. However, customer understanding, among other human service quality factors, had a direct effect on patients' behavioral intention. Fourth, emotional response, among other internal response factors, proved to have positive influence on behavioral intention. Results from this study suggest that dental care service providers can increase their competitiveness and customer satisfaction by understanding and improving the most important areas of servicescape and human service quality.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.459-471
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• 2009

The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of VMD image appropriateness in apparel shopping contexts. Two competing models are utilized. The first model is developed from the emotion-cognition theory which explains that environmental cues(i.e., VMD image appropriateness) generate consumers' emotion, and in turn, consumers' behaviors. The second model is developed based on the cognitive theory of emotions and posits that environmental cues stimulates consumers' cognitive perceptions of retail environments, subsequently influencing consumers' emotional and behavioral response. A 2(VMD image appropriateness: high vs. low) between-subjects factorial design experiment was conducted. Female college students(n=592) participated in the experiment. Using structural equation modeling the study found that the emotion-cognition model better explains the effect of VMD image appropriateness on consumers' emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses.

• 아동학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.5-20
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental tendencies and age-related differences in the relationship between children's cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability. The subjects were 4-year-old (N=60), 6-year-old (N=60) and 8-year-old (N=60) children. In each group, there were an equal number of boys and girls. Feshbach & Roe's child perspective-taking ability test was modified for this study. The test included four facial expression cards and six different stories inducing three types of emotion: happy, sad and angry. This experiment consisted of a 3 (age) by 3 (emotional stories: happy, sad and angry) factorial design. The dependent measures were two response types: emotional and cognitive perspective-taking ability. The results showed that both cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability increased with age. Happy emotional perspective-taking ability developed earlier than sad and angry perspective-taking ability. The correlation between cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability increased with age.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.934-954
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• 2012

서답형 문항은 장소감, 도해력, 지리적 상상력 등 고차적 사고력을 추구하는 지리과의 주요 목표들에 대한 도달 여부를 측정하는 데에 매우 유용하다. 이 연구는 서답형 문항의 개념을 알아보고 지리과에서 적용 가능한 서답형 문항의 유형들을 구분하여 우리나라에서의 지리과 서답형 문항 개발을 위한 시사점을 도출하고 과제를 제안하고자 하였다. 연구자는 서답형 문항의 개념 정리에 이어서 미국에서 시행되고 있는 NAEP의 지리과 서답형 문항을 사례로 분석하여 유형화를 시도하였다. 서답형 문항은 문항 형식의 차원과 문항에서 평가하는 행동 영역의 차원에서 각각 분류할 수 있었다. 문항 형식의 차원에서는 문두 단독형과 자료 첨부형으로, 행동 영역의 차원에서는 지식 요구형, 이해 요구형, 적용 요구형으로 각각 구분하고 그 특징들을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 서답형 문항의 개발과 적용에 관련된 시사점 및 과제를 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 첫째, 내용 영역과 행동 영역에 정합하는 서답형 문항들을 개발해야 한다. 둘째, 학생들로 하여금 최대한 다양한 종류의 지리 자료들을 활용할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 셋째, 서답형 문항의 성패는 채점의 신뢰도와 밀접한 관련이 있으므로 채점의 단계 구분, 채점 기준, 의사 답안 등에 대한 후속적 연구가 요구된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2006

Objectives : Cognitive therapy is the most extensively researched psychological treatment for nonpsychotic unipolar outpatient depressive disorders. This review focused on the utility of this approach in severe or chronic depressive disorders, in relapse prevention and also on the potential benefits of combining cognitive therapy with medication. Methods : The author reviewed original studies and quantitative analyses on the effects of cognitive therapy, predictors of response, and neuroimaging studies of cognitive therapy in major depressive disorder. The sources used for the literature search were data bases : PubMed, EMBASE, CDSR on the internet, references in papers or books. Results : This review suggests that cognitive therapy is as effective as antidepressant medication in severe depressive disorders. And cognitive therapy can be an effective alternative to antidepressant medication. Patients benefited significantly more from combined cognitive therapy and antidepressant treatment than from either treatment alone. Most importantly, the addition of cognitive therapy to usual treatment appears to protect against future relapse in individuals known to be at high risk of repeated episodes of depression. In addition, subjects who received cognitive therapy showed significantly greater improvements in chronic depression than receiving antidepressant medication. Pooled data suggests that there is a significant relationship between the therapist's level of training or experience, the type of therapy used and patient outcome. Recent functional imaging studies examining brain changes following cognitive therapy report a variety of regional effects, but there is no consistent pattern across the few published studies. Conclusion : Cognitive therapy has proved beneficial in treating depressive patients. Despite empirical data supporting its efficacy, there are still problems in gaining access to cognitive therapy in clinical practice.

• 인지과학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.197-223
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• 2009

반응 조화설 (Shafir, 1993)은 결정에서 두 대안 중 한 대안의 특징들이 선택이나 거부의 반응과 조화될수록 사람들이 그 대안을 더 택한다고 주장한다. 장단점을 많이 가진 풍부한 대안이 그렇지 않은 보통의 대안보다 더 많이 선택되고 더 많이 거부되어야 한다. 유승민과 이영애(2001)는 이 가설의 예측과 일치하지 않은 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구는 두 대안의 특징들의 제시 방식 그리고 질문 순서를 변화시켜 반응 조화설을 검토하였다. 특징들을 나열하지 않고 문장으로 제시하고 선택 또는 거부 질문을 먼저 제시하였을 때 반응 조화설과의 예측과 상당히 일치하는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구는 반응 조화설을 검토할 때 선호의 구성 방식이 중요함을 밝혔다. 본 연구의 결과를 최근 연구들과 비교하였다.