• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.93-110
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• 2023

Progress in phylogenomic analysis has led to a considerable re-evaluation of former cyanobacterial system, with many new taxa being established at different nomenclatural levels. The family Geminocystaceae is among cyanobacterial taxa recently described on the basis of polyphasic approach. Within this family, there are six genera: Geminocystis, Cyanobacterium, Geminobacterium, Annamia, Picocyanobacterium, and Microcrocis. The genus Geminocystis previously encompassed two species: G. herdmanii and G. papuanica. Herein, a new species G. urbisnovae was proposed under the provision of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Polyphasic analysis was performed for five strains from the CALU culture collection (St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation), and they were assigned to the genus Geminocystis in accordance with high 16S rRNA gene similarity to existing species, as well as because of proximity to these species on the phylogenetic trees reconstructed with RaxML and Bayes methods. Plausibility of their assignment to a separate species of the genus Geminocystis was substantiated with smaller cell size; stenohaline freshwater ecotype; capability to complementary chromatic adaptation of second type (CA2); distinct 16S rRNA gene clustering; sequences and folding of D1-D1' and B box domains of the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer region. The second objective pursued by this communication was to provide a survey of the family Geminocystaceae. The overall assessment was that, despite attention of many researchers, this cyanobacterial family has been understudied and, especially in the case of the crucially important genus Cyanobacterium, taxonomically problematic.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.9-21
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• 2004

In this paper, we proposed the image hiding method which decreases calculation amount by encrypt partial data using discrete wavelet transform and linear scale quantization which were adopted as the main technique for frequency transform in JPEG2000 standard. Also we used the chaotic system which has smaller calculation amount than other encryption algorithms and then dramatically decreased calculation amount. This method operates encryption process between quantization and entropy coding for preserving compression ratio of images and uses the subband selection method and the random changing method using the chaotic system. For ciphering the quantization index we use a novel image encryption algerian of cyclically shifted in the right or left direction and encrypts two quantization assignment method (Top-down/Reflection code), made change of data less. Also, suggested encryption method to JPEG2000 progressive transmission. The experiments have been performed with the proposed methods implemented in software for about 500 images. consequently, we are sure that the proposed are efficient image encryption methods to acquire the high encryption effect with small amount of encryption. It has been shown that there exits a relation of trade-off between the execution time and the effect of the encryption. It means that the proposed methods can be selectively used according to the application areas. Also, because the proposed methods are performed in the application layer, they are expected to be a good solution for the end-to-end security problem, which is appearing as one of the important problems in the networks with both wired and wireless sections.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.6
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• pp.17-29
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• 1999

In this paper, the prioritized queueing handoff scheme in CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) cellular system is proposed. Also, the analytical survey for the proposed scheme is carried out, and the performance of this scheme is compared with that of non prioritized scheme and FIFO (First In First Out) queue scheme by computer simulation. The handoff region is defined as the time between the handoff treshold and the receiver threshold, and it is used for the maximum queue waiting time in the proposed scheme. The handoff and the receiver thresholds are defined as rewpectively: 1) the time that the Pilot Strength Measurement Message in the neighbor in the neighbor cell is received to the BS (Base Station) under the T_ADD threshold; and 2) the time that the T_DROP timer is expired and the Pilot Strength Measurement Message in the current cell is received to the BS under the T_DROP threshold. The performance metrics for analyzing the proposed scheme are : 1) probability of forced termination; 2) probability of call blocking; 3) ratio of carried traffic to total offered load; 4) average queue size; 5) average handoff delay time in queue. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme maintains high performance for handoff requests at a small penalty in total system capacity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.185-197
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• 2001

Recently, the design method by VHDL coding and synthesis has been used widely. As the integration ratio increases, the amount design by VHDL at a time also increases so many coding errors occur in a design. Thus, lots of time and effort is dissipated to detect those coding errors. This paper proposed a method to verify the coding errors in VHDL behavioral-level designs. As the methodology, we chose the method to detect the coding error by applying the generated set of verifying patterns and comparing the responses from the error-free case(gold unit) and the real design. Thus, we proposed an algorithm to generate the verifying pattern set for the coding errors. Verifying pattern generation is peformed for each code and the coding errors are classified as two kind: condition errors and assignment errors. To generate the patterns, VHDL design is first converted into the corresponding CDFG(Control & Data Flow Graph) and the necessary information is extracted by searching the paths in CDFG. Path searching method consists of forward searching and backward searching from the site where it is assumed that coding error occurred. The proposed algorithm was implemented with C-language. We have applied the proposed algorithm to several example VHDL behavioral-level designs. From the results, all the patterns for all the considered coding errors in each design could be generated and all the coding errors were detectable. For the time to generate the verifying patterns, all the considered designed took less than 1 ［sec］ of CPU time in Pentium-II 400MHz environments. Consequently, the verification method proposed in this paper is expected to reduce the time and effort to verify the VHDL behavioral-level designs very much.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.