• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2005

C. neoformans-associated cryptococcosis is primarily a disease of immunocompromised persons, has a world-wide distribution, and is often spread by pigeons in the urban environment. In contrast, C. gattii causes infection in normal hosts, has only been described in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, and has a unique niche in river gum Eucalyptus trees. Cryptococcosis is acquired through inhalation of the yeast propagules from the environment. C. gattii has been identified as the cause of an emerging infectious disease centered on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. No cases of C. gattii-disease were diagnosed prior to 1999; the current incidence rate is 36 cases per million population. A search was initiated in 2001 to find the ecological niche of this basidiomycetous yeast. C. gattii was found in the environment in treed areas of Vancouver Island. The highest percentage of colonized-tree clusters were found around central Vancouver Island, with decreasing rates of colonization to the north and south. Climate, soil and vegetation cover of this area, called the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone, is unique to British Columbia and Canada. The concentration of airborne C. gattii was highest in the dry summer months, and lowest during late fall, winter, and early spring, months which have heavy rainfall. The study of the emerging colonization of this organism and subsequent cases of environmentally acquired disease will be informative in planning public health management of new routes of exposure to exotic agents in areas impacted by changing climate and land use patterns.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze a conservation state and a sustainable use of coastal wetland in Sindu-ri Tae-an, using the plant community structure analysis and the awareness result of local residents by published paper. To investigate a forest structure in Sindu-ri area, twenty plots were set up and surveyed. The community, is divided by three groups. The divided groups are Robinia pseudoacacia(I), Pinus thunbergii-Robinia pseudoacacia(II), Robinia pseudoacacia(III). Survey site I is simple canopy layer and deteriorative forest. Survey site II is grassland and swamp, where Pinus thunbergii-Robinia pseudoacacia is dominant trees of vegetation. Robinia pseudoacacia is competition species with Pinus thunbergii in survey site II. Survey site III is barren land(sand-hill) where main species is Robinia pseudoacacia. As a result, survey II district is considered as the most suitable for the conservation of species diversity. It is proposed in this paper that the ecological nature trail would be connected in survey site I and II for environmental education. The local residents of Tae-an, where natural environment is well-conserved, prefer conservation to development of the region. In case of Tae-an, where the condition of the natural environment is well conserved and the development potential exists, the development is in harmony with the environmental education program.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.212-215
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• 2003

There were so many Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. in the past in Korea. Now a day, it is under diminishing circumstance because of over exploitation for pharmacy materials. The amount of domestic market demand of it was imported. The autochthonous planting areas were mainly surveyed along coastal region and island. Autochthonous A. cochinchinensis was mainly distributed in sea shore below 1km from sea and founded 26 regions among 45 surveyed regions. Northern and eastern limited distribution of A. cochinchinensis was $N36^{\circ}15'$ in the west coast and $E128^{\circ}02'$ in the south coast of Korean peninsula, respectively. But it was not founded in the east coastal region. Dominant vegetation of surveyed area was pine with shrub. The number of tuberous roots of A. cochinchinensis growing in good light penetration was more than growing in bad light penetration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.161-169
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• 2000

In this study, the temporal changes in the chemical characteristics of soil in a reclaimed coastal area, the Shihwa Industrial Complex in the West Coast in Kyung-Gi Province, and the correlations between chemical components were investigated to provide useful information needed for introducing vegetation in the area. The sites were filled with mountain forest soils from 1987 to 1996, and developed into various landuses such as neighbourhood parks, children's parks, buffer greens, pedestrian roads and others. The correlation analyses shoed that pH, organic matter(OM) and available P205 had not been closely related to other chemical parameters such as various cations electro-conductivity(EC) and cation exchange capacity(CEC): especially, pH showed a very low correlation with other factors. The EC turned out to have positive relationships with cations, especially with Na+ ions. There seemed to be fairly good correlations between cations except Ca++ ion. The relation between cations and OM was inconclusive possible because the OM contents in the soils were too low for the analysis. The OM seemed to increase slowly with time and the EC decreased slowly. The salinity and CEC in the original soils decreased rapidly possibly because of leaching. It is believed that there were some external disturbances such as rainfall which had affected the soil properties. The soils sampled in dry season showed a very high salinity. From this it is possible to assume that the rainfall would affect the sol properties significantly. So it is necessary to continue further studies to investigate the impacts of external disturbances such as rainfall on vertical soil profile and temporal variations as well as to delineate correlations between parameters with external disturbances controlled.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2010

This study was carried out to apply basic data of the native trees for planting in the salinity area by the vegetation ecological selection. Which focused on native woody species to the tolerances of saline soil and salt spray drift on the coastal forests in the West-Sea, Korea. The soil salinity($EC_{1:5}$) was 0.11dS$m^{-1}$, ranging of 0.00dS$m^{-1}$~0.68dS$m^{-1}$. The soil salinity was gradually decreasing from Belt I to Belt Ⅳ except the Belt I in some coastal windbreaks. The order of decreasing soil salinity was Belt I>Belt II>Belt III>Belt Ⅳ and the soil salinity was $EC_{1:5}$ 0.14dS$m^{-1}$, 0.11dS$m^{-1}$, 0.10dS$m^{-1}$, and 0.08dS$m^{-1}$, respectively. The total 181 taxa consisted of 52 families, 104 genus, 157 species, and 24 varieties were recorded as the trees tolerating to both soil salinity and salt spray drift. The trees emerged in the highest degree of salinity($EC_{1:5}$ 0.51dS$m^{-1}$) was nothing but appearanced Pinus thunbergii Parl., Smilax china L., Quercus dentata Thunb. ex Murray, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray and so on at the level of singular and ideal value. The emerged trees in the high salinity of $EC_{1:5}$0.41dS$m^{-1}$~0.50dS$m^{-1}$ were Albizia kalkora Prain, Melia azedarach L., Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. scandens These species were trees of tolerance to saline soil. The emerged woody species in all belts were Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. and so on. The woody species with high important value(I.V.) were Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus thunbergii Parl., Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino, Smilax china L., Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc. var. strobilacea for. strobilacea and so on, which can be classified as highly tolerant native trees to salt spray drift.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2000

Vegetation disturbance history of the Korean Peninsula from the Palaeolithic Age to the Koryo Dynasty (1392) has reconstructed by the use of various data sources. Active vegetation disturbance, which has begun during the Neolithic Age, seems to be more widespread on lowland and coastal areas in the early stages, but later expanded into inland areas. The ploughing of a field and the selective cutting of certain trees, such as oak trees, nettle trees and pine trees are noticeable, and eventually caused deforestation during the Bronze Age. The use of iron tools of the Iron Age has enabled the forest clearing to develope the dry fields. During the Three Kingdoms period (BC 57∼AD 918) extensive deforestation has maintained for the development of cultivated fields, as well as other activities, such as timber, lumbering, production of iron farm implement, ploughing by cattle. The encouragement of disafforestation on mountain slope and creation of terraced field during the Koryo Dynasty (918∼1392) has caused the deforestation over the country, along with the consumption of large amount of wood and timber for fire-wood, ship-building, mining, xylography and so on.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.501-507
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• 2000

Distribution and habitat characteristics of Zostera (Zosteraceae) in the eastern coast of Korea were examined along with plant monohology, sediment composition and physicochemical factors of seawater from June 1998 to July 2000, The results showed that three species, Zostera marina, Z. asiatica and Z, caespitosa were found in specific habitats. The depth of habitat for Z. asiatica was deeper ($8.5{\~}15.0 m$) than that of Z. marina ($1.3{\~}5.6 m$) and Z. caespitosa ($3.2{\~}5.2 m$). Z. marina beds were observed at brackish-water, port and inner bay with the sediment type of sand or muddy sand. Habitats of Z. asiatica were restricted to the open bay with the sediment type of sand, Zostera have been described with regard to different growth forms of vegetation, flowering shoot and life history. Vegetation and flowering shoot length varied significantly with habitats; values ranged $66.8{\~}110.0 cm$ and $128.0{\~}217,8 cm$, respectively. Morphology of Z. marina varied with water depth and different substrates. Morphological characteristics of Z. asiatica showed a new phenotype at the deeper water depth. Vegetation and flowering shoots of Z. caespitosa were not significantly different between study sites (values ranged from 64.9 cm to 70.3 cm). Nutrient concentrations of seawater were higher at southern part than at middle part of the eastern coast of Korea. Distribution of Zostera in the eastern coast of Korea was dependent upon differences in water depth and habitat environments, by which affected the morphological differences were affected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.312-322
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• 2010

In Korea, Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zuccarini is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone of South coastal area and Jeju island, mainly as preserved forest in the vicinity of the Buddhist temple and Confucian temple. The objective of this study is in order to develop the conservation method and comprehension of vegetation community by current vegetation structure analysis of Torreya nucifera stand. As the results, the number of surveyed species in Torreya nucifera stand were total 148 species with 28 species of tree layer, 38 species of subtree layer, and 82 species of shrub layer. The appearance of the common species were Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea Bean, and Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. asiaticum. All the story of the surveyed region, Torreya nucifera maintained the current dominant species, but the subtree layer and shrub layer was decreased dominant rate because of the development of the crown of tree layer and biased growth of the subtree layer. Most of the tree layer and subtree layer in Torreya nucifera stands are composed of the sprout forest. Therefore, these results suggest that in order to maintain the healthy stand it is demanded for the application of selection thinning method for reducing crown competition in Torreya nucifera forests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.58-66
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• 2002

We present a planting plan of the buffer-forest belts created at the boundary area of the waste landfill site which is located in the coastal area of Kyubg-Gi province. In order to form a proper section of ground soil excavated from the sea and a forest which shows a distinction of the vegetation stratification, the planting plan with trees, sub-trees, shrubs, and seedlings (produced at a sprout cultivation place) is devised with an adjustment of planting density. 1. The preparation of mounding is required for planting at a waste landfill site. We first estimate an economical and efficient banking height together with the quantity of soil, and prepare a planting ground with excavated ground soil for the consideration of soil recycling. On the planting ground a banking with a height of 1.5-2m is produced by self-supported soil, playing a role in a salt blocking and an irritation layer of planting. Finally, an additional banking with a height of 2m is produced by qualified vegetation soil, forming a vegetation section with a total height of 6m. 2. Since the planning site is located in the border, the planting area is composed of two regions : one is an inclined face (slope 1 : 3) toward the inside of the landfill site and the other is an inclined face (slope 1 : 4) toward the inland. The buffer planting in the former (latter) region consists of wind break forest (mixed-landscape forest) within a width of less than 35m. 3. Based on the data obtained from the literatures and the investigation of local plants, we choose the 21 plant species (such as Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia, Albizzia julibrissin and etc.) and the additinal 7 species which are grown at a sprout cultivation palce of the SUDOKWON landfill site (Rosa rugosa, Quercus acutissima, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu., and etc.). Sub-trees with a height of above 2.5m and seedlings are planted with an interval of $1.5{\times}1.5m$ ($0.45roots/m^2$) and $0.5{\times}0.5m$ ($4roots/m^2$), respectively. Here, both trees exhibit communities planting with more than three rows. Shrubs are planted with $9-16roots/m^2$, depending on their size. Since this case study provides a reference of the planting beds as well as a planting plan at the SUDOKWON landfill site, it is not sufficient for the present plan to be utilized for the formation of buffer-forest belts which are used for the analysis of environmental factor and the reduction of environmental pollutants in the sea waste landfill site. Thus, further studies with the ecological basis are demanded for the environment planting restoration in the sea waste landfill site.