• 약학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.491-493
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• 2001

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp #39, isolated from raw-milk showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. The minimun inhibitory concentration for strain #39 was at 8$\mu\textrm{g}$ of vancomycin per ml. Transmitting electron microscopy displayed that this strain had a 2.5-3.5 times thicker cell wall than a vancomucin sensitive strain of Staphylococcus sp. The strain #39 also had an increased cell volume. These data indicate that the reduced susceptibility may be due to the thickness of the cell wall of the test strain.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2017

Mastitis is a common and serious infection of the mammary gland in dairy cattle and has a major economic impact on the production of milk and dairy products. Bacterial mastitis is caused by several pathogens and is most frequently associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Although CNS are typically associated with subclinical or mild mastitis, the importance of CNS has increased as these pathogens have emerged as predominant mastitis-related pathogens in many countries. CNS can cause persistent infections, resulting in increased milk somatic cell counts and thereby affecting milk quality and decreasing milk production. Globally, Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. epidermidis, and S. simulans are the predominant CNS species in dairy cattle mastitis. Antibacterial resistance of CNS varies with species, and most CNS are susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to penicillin and tetracycline. As the most frequently isolated CNS species, some strains of S. chromogenes exhibit phenotypic resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Some strains of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus are only susceptible to vancomycin and rifampicin. Therefore, more studies are needed to achieve the control and prevention of CNS as environmental pathogens.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1985

This investigation was performed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus sp. from air at the 25 sites in one hospital in Daegu. Drug sensitivity tests bacteriologically were also studied. The results are summarized as follows: 1. In gram staining of isolated colonies, the number of staphylococci strains was 959(70.2%) among 1367 collected in the morning, and 653(66.2%) among 987 collected in the afternoon. 2. The number of isolates was slightly higher in samples collected from the outpatient treatment rooms and wards in the main building than in samples from the other sites. 3. In biochemical tests of 1612 strains of isolates gram positive cocci, the number of coagulase positive strains was 584(36.2%) and coagulase negative 1028(63.8%). In experiments on growth on mannitol agar containing 7.5% NaCl and mannitol fermentation tests, the number of mannitol fermentation strains was 423(30.8%) and nonfermenter was 951(59.2%). 4. In antibiotic sensitivity tests of 746 identified strains of staphylococci, coagulase positive strains showed resistance in. higher portions to penicillin(89.7%), chloramphenicol(64.6%), gentamycin (52.1%) and tetracycline(45.2%), whereas in lower portions to kanamycin(39.2%) and apmicillin(33.1%). 5. Among coagulase negative and mannitol fermenting strains, higher portions showed resistance to chloramphenicol(76.5%), penicillin(69.8%) and ampicillin(63.6%), whereas lower portions showed resistance to kanamycin(48.8%), tetracycline(39.5%) and gentamycin(34.0%). 6. The number of strains showing multiple resistance to above 6 antibiotics were 15(52(19.8%) among coagulase positive and mannitol non-fermenter and 36(22.2%) among coagulase negative and mannitol fermenter.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.531-537
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• 1993

A study was carried out to define the relationship between the N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase(NAGase) levels and isolated pathogenic bacteria in 379 quarter fore milk of mastitis suspected samples collected in this clinics. All samples were tested the NAGase, California mastitis test(CMT), Somatic cell count(SCC) and bacterial culture. Except 111 from 379 samples, 268 bacteria-positive quarter fore milk samples were classified into the latent and mastitis infection group by SCC($500,000cells\;per\;m{\ell}$), and the mean NAGase levels($nmol/min/m{\ell}$) of each isolated pathogen in mastitis infection group were Staphylococcus aureus 3.067, Coagulase-negative staphylococci 4.083, Staphylococcus aureus 3.594, Str. uberis 3.513, Str. dysgalactiae 1.640, E coli 4.441 and gram negative rods 4.560, respectively. Most of the relationship between mean SCC and NAGase in each pathogen group were highly significant using a student t test(p<0.05). When the mastitis pathogens were classified into minor(Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Corynebacterium sp.) and major pathogen group(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Str. uberis, Str. dysgalactiae, gram negative rods), the NAGase levels were higher at major than minor pathogen group. On the other hand, when the mastitis milk samples were classified by SCC($500,000cells\;per\;m{\ell}$) and by the presence of pathogen(IDF scheme), the NAGase levels were also higher at the mastitis than latent infection. The possibility of combining SCC and NAGase data in order to give the more difinitive diagnosis is discussed.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2008

목적 : 검사실별 IP카세트와 테이블의 미생물 수와 세균학적 오염도를 알코올과 소독제가 포함된 티슈를 사용 전 후로 나누어 동정한 후 통계적으로 검정을 실시하여 영상의학과내 병원감염관리의 예방과 올바른 소독 지침을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구는 대전광역시 소재의 1개 대학병원 영상의학과의 일반촬영실을 대상으로 하였다. 기간은 2007년 4월 5일부터 4월 12일까지 이루어졌으며, 검사실별 IP카세트와 테이블의 미생물 수와 세균학적 오염도를 알코올과 소독제가 포함된 소독용 티슈를 사용 전, 후로 나누어 실시하였으며, 정확한 수집을 위하여 병원내 감염관리 전문 간호사와 함께 시료를 채취하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS V13.0을 사용하였으며, 전 후 비교를 위해 T-검정을 실시하였으며 사후검증을 실시하였다. 결과 : 24개의 대상 중 19개(79.2%)에서 세균이 검출 되었으며 5개(20.8%)에서는 세균이 검출되지 않았다. 분리된 세균의 종류는 7종의 세균이 검출 되었는데 그 중 Methicillin Resistant coagulase-negative Staphylo-cocci(MRCNS)가 15(62.5%)곳으로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 그 다음으로 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA)가 6(16.7%)곳으로 많았으며, Enterococcus Faecium(EFM)이 5(20.8%), Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA) 2(8.3%), Bacillus sp, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci(CNS), Enterococcus sp(ENT)가 각각 1(4.2%)곳에서 검출되었다. 또한 ABA를 제외한 모든 것이 그람양성구균(Gram positive bacilli)이 30(97%) 례에서 검출 되었으며, 1(3%)례에서만 그람음성균(Gram positive bacilli)이 검출되었다. Group별 70% Alchol 사용 전 후 균의 종류 및 군락 수에서는 70% Alchol로 소독을 한 후 세균을 동정한 결과 70% Alchol 소독군에서는 IP Cassette와 Table 그룹 모두에서 100% 세균이 사멸되었다. Group별 Tissue Cleaner 사용 전 후 균의 종류 및 군락 수에서는 Tissue Cleaner 그룹에서의 균의 사멸률은 10그룹(71.2%)에서만 세균이 완전히 사멸되었으며, 4 그룹에서는 많은 감소를 보였으나 여전히 세균이 검출되었다. 전체 균의 사멸률은 91.5%로 나타났는데 다른 균들은 모두 사멸된 반면 MRCNS 균은 사멸률이 가장 낮았(83.6%)으며, 다음으로 MRSA(95%)가 낮았다. 결론 : 70% Alchol과 Tissue Cleaner의 사용전 후 검출되는 세균의 평균을 비교한 결과 모두에서 유의수준5%에서 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.191-193
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• 2008

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple ulcerations. Secondary bacterial infections are one of the complications that can increase the tissue destruction and the resulting scar. To better determine the incidence of real secondary bacterial infections in CL, we designed the current study. This was a cross-sectional study performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 1,255 patients with confirmed CL enrolled in the study. Sterile swaps were achieved for ulcer exudates and scraping was used for non-ulcerated lesions. All samples were transferred to tryptic soy broth medium. After 24 hr of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ they were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and blood agar. Laboratory tests were used to determine the species of bacteria. Among 1,255 confirmed CL patients, 274 (21.8%) had positive cultures for secondary bacterial infections. The bacteria isolated from the lesions were Staphylococcus aureus in 190 cases (69.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 63 cases (23.0%), E. coli in 10 cases (3.6%), Proteus sp. in 6 cases (2.2%), and Klebsiella sp. in 5 cases (1.9%). The results show that the overall incidence of secondary bacterial infections in the lesions of CL was 21.8%, considerably high. The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was significantly higher in ulcerated lesions compared with non-ulcerated lesions.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 1988

1984년부터 1987년까지의 최근 4년간 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원에서 시행한 혈액배양의 분석결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 4년간 8083검체의 혈액이 배양되어 582검체에서 균이 분리되어, 총 혈액배양 양성율은 7.2%이었고, 분리균주 중 다균성 감염증은 16예(2.8%)였다. 2) 분리균주의 분포는 그람 양성균이 189, 그람 음성균이 393이었고, 그람 양성균의 균종별 분리는 Staphylococcus aureus가 82, coagulase 음성 Staphylococcus가 73, 기타 Staphylococcus sp.가 20의 순이었다. 그람 음성균은 Escherichia coli가 75, Salmonella typhi가 80, Salmonella paratyphi A가 72이고, 그 외 Kldbsiella, Enterobacter의 순으로 분리되었다. 포도당 비발효 그람 음성균은 Pseudomonas cepacia가 46, Pseudomonas aeruginosa가 16, 그 외 Acinetobacter등이 소수 분리되었다. 3) Salmonella균종을 제외한 모든 균종에서 매년 증가되는 양상을 보이고, 병원내 감염균으로 간주되는 Serratia, Acinetobacter균종이 1984년의 6.35%에서 1987년에는 17.7%롤 증가되었다. 4) Aeromonas hydrophilia는 6~10월에 높은 분리율을 나타애고, Salmonella typhi는 1월과, 5월에서 8월사이, Salmonella paratyphi A는 1월과 6월에서 9월사이에서 높은 분리율을 나타냈다. 대개 모든 균종에서 여름철에 분리율이 높았다. 5) 분리균종의 항생제 감수성 검사에서는 Staphylococcus aureus와 장내세균에서는 기본 항생제에 대한 감수성을 나타낸 반면, 포도당 비발효 균종은 약 32%에서 기본 항생제에 대한 내성을 가진 것으로 나타났으며, 병원성 감염의 주요 원인균은 Serratia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter균종에서는 항생제의 내성이 큰 문제점으로 대두되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aims to understand the concentration, diversity, and antibiotic characteristics of staphylococci present in the indoor air of child-care facilities. Methods: Air sampling was performed from October 2012 to January 2013 in 120 child-care facilities in Seoul, Korea. Methicillin-resistant bacteria were selected from the total obtained airborne bacteria and subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for methicillin-resistant staphylococcal species determination. Identified staphylococcal strains were tested for resistance to a range of antibiotics. Results: Average total airborne bacterial concentration was $508.9{\pm}246.3CFU/m^3$. Indoor concentration of total airborne bacteria had a significant positive correlation with the $CO_2$ concentration in the child-care facilities. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were present in 13.3% of the child-care facilities studied. A total of four species (S. epidermidis, S. cohnii, S. saprophyticus, S. sp.) and 55 strains were identified from the indoor air of the child-care facilities. Staphylococcus cohnii was the most common species (54.5%), followed by S. epidermidis (38.2%). All of the isolated staphylococcal strains exhibited high resistance to oxacillin, erythromycin, mupirocin, and ceftizoxime. Especially, S. saprophyticus strains showed more multidrug resistance to oxacillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, ceftizoxime, mupirocin, and tetracycline than did other species. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that a monitoring system for multidrug-resistant bacteria is needed in facilities for children, as the community-associated infections of these bacteria are increasing.