• 대한화학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 1997

한국에서 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 생약제제 중 베르베린, 계피산 및 글리시리진의 정량을 위한 간단하고, 정확하고, 재현성 있는 모세관 전기이동법을 개발하였다. 이 성분들의 분리는 25$^{\circ}C$, 20 mM 인산완충액(pH 7.5)에서 실리카 캐필러리($57 cm{\times}75 {\mu}m$ i.d.)를 사용하여 수행하였다. 350 V/cm의 전기장으로 베르베린, 계피산 및 글리시리진의 동시 정량을 13분내에 할 수 있었다. 검정곡선은 베르베린에 대해서는 1~100 ${\mu}g/mL$, 계피산은 0.3~100 ${\mu}g/mL$, 글리시리진은 2.5~100 ${\mu}g/mL$의 농도 범위 안에서 좋은 직선성을 보여 주었다. 이 성분들에 대한 상대 표준편차(n=5)의 범위는 0.96∼2.35%이었다. 베르베린, 계피산 및 글리시리진에 대한 검출한계(S/N=3)는 각각 0.5, 0.1 및 2.0 ${\mu}g/mL$이었다. 이론단수는 181,000(베르베린), 88,000(계피산) 및 169,000(글리시리진)이었다. HPLC에서는 3,100~4,800이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2005

Background. 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester mixed (CFSE) is the fluorescent labelling agent of living cells and used to trace the cells in vivo after transplatnation of various cells. The CFSE labelled cells can maintain fluorescence for up to 7 days after labelling. The MC3T3-E1 cell line (MC3T3) has been used for many studies about osteoblast, which is well known as a mouse preosteoblast. So the CFSE would be used to trace the transplanted MC3T3. However there are few reports about CFSE labelling of MC3T3. This study is aimed to know about adequate concenturation and incubation time of CFSE to MC3T3. Materials and methods. The MC3T3 was incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air with 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ using ${\alpha}$-minimal essential medium (${alpha}$-MEM) containing10% FBS and gentamycin. Ten mM CFSE solution in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO: 1%) was diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and final concentration of culture medium was, respectively, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ${{\mu}M$. Then the MC3T3 was incubated with CFSE in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air with 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 minutes in each concentration. The fluorescence of CFSE labelled cells was analysed with a inverted fluorescence microscope. The duration of cell labelling was also studied. Trypan blue dye exclusion test was done for cell viability. Results. For concentration between 5 and 10 ${\mu}M$, CFSE did not significantly label the MC3T3 in vitro. The destruction of MC3T3 was observed at the concentration of 20 ${\mu}M$. In the concentration of 15 ${\mu}M$, the best labelling was obtained at an incubation period between 15 and 30 minutes. The MC3T3 labelled with an incubation period of 15 minutes at 15 ${\mu}M$ was still fluorescent 7 days after CFSE labelling. The mean cell viability was 95.93%. Conclusion. These results suggests an incubation period of 15 minutes at 15 ${\mu}M$ of CFSE provides best labelling of MC3T3 in vitro.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.877-886
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• 1995

The recycling nuclear transplantation(NT) technique has the powerful potential of producing a large number of genetically identical embryos and offsprings from one embryo. Multiple generational cloning by this technique utilizes the NT embryo itself as the donor for the next generation of cloning. In this experiment, we have produced the third generational cloned embryos by recycling NT. Further we examined comparatively the electrofusion rate and in vitro developmental potential in the cloned embryos of the first second and third generations. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does by flushing oviducts with Dulberco's phosphate buffered saline containing 10 % fetal calf serum(FCS) at 47 hours after hCG injection. In the first generation NT, the nuclear donor embryos were synchronized in the phase of Gl/S transition of 32-cell stage. The first and second generation NT embryos developed to 16-cell were used as donor nuclei for second and third generation. The recipient cytoplasms were utilized the oocytes collected at 14 hours after hCG injection, following revoming the nucleus and the first polar body by micromanipulation. The separated blastomeres were injected into the enucleated recipient oocytes by micromanipulation and were fused by electrical stimulation. The electrofusion rate was seen to be 78.0, 88.0 and 90.3 % in the first second and third generation NT rabbit embryos, respectively. The fused oocytes were co-cultured with a monolayer of rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in M-199 solution containing 10 % FCS for 120 hours at 39$^{\circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The in vitro developmental potential to blastocyst stage was significantly(P<0.05) decreased in the third(7.2 %) generation NT embryos compared to the first(53.1 %) and second(16.1 %) generation NT embryos. Following in vitro development to blastocyst stage, they were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye for counting the number of blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy. The mean blastomere numbers and cell cycle numbers of NT embryos during the culture period were significantly(p<0.05) decreased in the second(93.9 cells and 6.55 cylces) and third(81.5 cells and 1.35 cylces) generation, compared to the first(189.9 cells and 7.55 cylces) generation.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.587-591
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• 2011

The effect of the precipitator (NaOH, $NH_4OH$) and the amount of the precipitator (150, 200, 250, 300 ml) on the formation of $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$, which is the precursor used for cathode material $LiFePO_4$ in Li-ion rechargeable batteries was investigated by the co-precipitation method. A pure precursor of olivine $LiFePO_4$ was successfully prepared with coprecipitation from an aqueous solution containing trivalent iron ions. The acid solution was prepared by mixing 150 ml $FeSO_4$(1M) and 100 ml $H_3PO_4$(1M). The concentration of the NaOH and $NH_4OH$ solution was 1 M. The reaction temperature (25$^{\circ}C$) and reaction time (30 min) were fixed. Nitrogen gas (500 ml/min) was flowed during the reaction to prevent oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$. Single phase $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ was formed when 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml NaOH solutions were added and 150, 200 ml $NH_4OH$ solutions were added. However, $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ and $NH_4FePO_4$ were formed when 250 and 300 ml $NH_4OH$ was added. The morphology of the $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ changed according to the pH. Plate-like lenticular shaped $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ formed in the acidic solution below pH 5 and plate-like rhombus shaped $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ formed around pH 9. For the $NH_4OH$, the pH value after 30 min reaction was higher with the same amount of additions of NaOH and $NH_4OH$. It is believed that the formation mechanism of $Fe_3(PO_4)_2$ is quite different between NaOH and $NH_4OH$. Further investigation on this mechanism is needed. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the pH value was measured by pH-Meter.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2018

Objectives: To monitor the radon concentration level in plants that handle phosphorus rock and produce gypsum board and cement, and evaluate the effective dose considering the effect of radon exposure on the human body. Methods: Airborne radon concentrations were measured using alpha-track radon detectors (${\alpha}$-track, Rn-tech Co., Korea) and continuous monitors (Radon Sentinel 1030, Sun Nuclear Co., USA). Radon concentrations in the air were converted to radon doses using the following equation to evaluate the human effects due to radon. H (mSv/yr) = Radon gas concentration x Equilibrium factor x Occupancy factor x Dose conversion factor. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) used $8nSv/(Bq{\cdot}hr/m^3)$ as the dose conversion factor in 2010, but raised it by a factor of four to $33nSv/(Bq{\cdot}hr/m^3)$ in 2017. Results: Radon concentrations and effective doses in fertilizer manufacturing process averaged $14.3(2.7)Bq/m^3$ ($2.0-551.3Bq/m^3$), 0.11-0.54 m㏜/yr depending on the advisory authority and recommendation year, respectively. Radon concentrations in the gypsum-board manufacturing process averaged $14.9Bq/m^3$ at material storage, $11.4Bq/m^3$ at burnability, $8.1Bq/m^3$ at mixing, $10.0Bq/m^3$ at forming, $8.9Bq/m^3$ at drying, $14.7Bq/m^3$ at cutting, and $10.5Bq/m^3$ at shipment. It was low because it did not use phosphate gypsum. Radon concentrations and effective doses in the cement manufacturing process were $23.2Bq/m^3$ in the stowage area, $20.2Bq/m^3$ in the hopper, $16.8Bq/m^3$ in the feeder and $11.9Bq/m^3$ in the cement mill, marking 0.12-0.63 m㏜/yr, respectively. Conclusions: Workers handling phosphorous gypsum directly or indirectly can be assessed as exposed to an annual average radon dose of 0.16 to 2.04 mSv or 0.010 to 0.102 WLM (Working Level Month).

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2022

폐LiFePO₄ 배터리의 양극재에는 리튬이 약 4% 함유되어 있으며, 함유된 원소의 재활용은 환경적인 문제뿐만 아니라 자원순환의 관점에서 중요하다. 폐LiFePO₄ 양극재 분말에 함유된 리튬을 선택적으로 침출하기 위하여 3종류의 과황산계 산화제 [과황산나트륨(Na₂S₂O₈), 과황산칼륨(K₂S₂O₈), 그리고 과황산암모늄((NH₄)₂S₂O₈)]를 사용하여 각 성분의 침출율 및 분말특성을 비교 분석하였다. 침출 시 광액농도를 변수로 두고 각 조건별로 3시간 동안 침출을 진행하였으며, 얻어진 침출용액은 ICP 성분분석을 시행하여 침출율을 계산하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 모든 과황산계 산화제 종류에서 92% 이상의 리튬 침출율을 보였다. 특히 과황산암모늄의 산화제를 사용하여 침출하였을 경우, 50 g/L의 광액농도 및 1.1 몰 비의 산화제 농도에서 약 93.3%의 가장 높은 리튬의 침출율을 보였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.500-513
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• 2023

The effects of prolonged photoperiod (additional night lighting) were investigated on the production of Ocimum basilicum (lemon basil) and fish/crayfish raised in a nutrient film technique aquaponic system. Hybrid lemon fin barb and red claw crayfish juveniles were co-cultured with O. basilicum and subjected to 12 h of ambient natural daylight and additional 0, 4, 8, and 12 h of night lighting for 14 weeks (two batches of 7 weeks each). The water quality parameters and the performance characteristics of the fish/crayfish/plant were evaluated, and the nutri- ent uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the system by the three organisms was also measured. The fish growth performance showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all the growth parameters measured across the treatments. The body proximate and nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) composition of the fish and crayfish were not significantly (p > 0.05) different across the treatments. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the NPK uptake by the fish and crayfish across the treatments. The plant growth performance showed that there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the plant growth parameters measured, except for % plant height gained in the 12 h-light treatment (403.2 ± 26.0%) which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than other treatments and cycles. Hence, this study demonstrat- ed that varying supplementary night lighting has no significant effect on the growth performance of O. basilicum, hybrid lemon fin barb, and red claw crayfish. This study, therefore, suggests that supplementary night lighting should not be considered for O. basilicum production as it does not significantly improve the performance characteristics of the plant nor the fish co-cultured with it in a polyculture aquaponic system.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2023

리튬이온 배터리(LIB) 제조를 위한 리튬의 사용이 점차 증가함에 따라 그에 따라 발생되는 리튬이온배터리 폐기가 증가될 것으로 사료된다. 이에 따라 폐배터리를 재활용을 하기위한 용매 추출을 통한 재활용에 대한 활발한 연구가 니켈, 코발트 및 망간과 같은 유가금속을 제거한 후 얻은 폐 용액에서 리튬의 회수가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 폐이차전지 재활용공정 후 발생되는 폐액에서 리튬을 회수하기위해 추출제 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) hosphoricacid(D2EHPA)와 등유의 개질제 Tri-n-butyphosphate(TBP)를 선택적으로 혼합하여 추출조건을 최적화하였다. 폐액에는 리튬과 고농도의 나트륨(Li⁺ = 0.5% ~ 1%, Na⁺ = 3 ~ 6.5%)을 함유하고 있었으며, 리튬의 추출은 유기용매의 다른 구성에서 최종적으로 20% D2EHPA + 20% TBP + 60% 등유로 구성된 유기용매에서 효과적인 추출을 조건을 확립하였다. NaOH의 비누화를 이용한 SX 시스템에서는 평형 pH 4~4.5에서 유기 대 수성(O/A)이 5일 때 약 95% 이상의 리튬이 선택적으로 추출되는 것을 확인하였다. 적은 양의 나트륨으로 염화리튬에서 탄산리튬 분말을 얻기 위해 고순도 중탄산암모늄을 처리하였다. 최종적으로 처리된 탄산리튬에 여러번 세수를 통하여 미량의 나트륨을 제거하고 고순도 탄산리튬 분말(순도 99.2%)을 제조하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 폐이차전지 재활용공정에서 발생되는 폐액을 활용하여 탄산리튬의 효율적인 제조방법을 확인하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2020

Influenza virus is the major cause of seasonal and pandemic flu. Currently, oseltamivir, a potent and selective inhibitor of neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses, is the drug of choice for treating patients with influenza virus infection. However, recent emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses has limited its efficacy. Morin hydrate (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid isolated from Morus alba L. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects partly by the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, its effects on influenza virus have not been studied. We evaluated the antiviral activity of morin hydrate against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (A/PR/8; H1N1) and oseltamivir-resistant A/PR/8 influenza viruses in vitro. To determine its mode of action, we carried out time course experiments, and time of addition, hemolysis inhibition, and hemagglutination assays. The effects of the co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir were assessed using the murine model of A/PR/8 infection. We found that morin hydrate reduced hemagglutination by A/PR/8 in vitro. It alleviated the symptoms of A/PR/8-infection, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α and CCL2, in infected mice. Co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir phosphate reduced the virus titers and attenuated pulmonary inflammation. Our results suggest that morin hydrate exhibits antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry of the virus.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.513-523
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• 2017

본 연구는 섬진강 하구역에서 2017년 2월 대조기 만조와 간조, 3월 소조기 간조 동안 염분 구배에 따른 식물플랑크톤 생리활성도를 평가하였다. 또한 2월 대조기 조사에서 나타난 특이적인 pH 변화특성을 파악하기 위해 추가적인 재현실험을 병행하였다. 현장조사 결과에 의하면, 만조와 간조에 수층 혼합에 의한 수직적인 염분의 차이는 미미하였지만, 담수역으로 향할수록 염분이 낮아져 수평적인 염분구배가 뚜렷하였다. 염분과 영양염(질산염+아질산염: R=0.997, p<0.001; 규산염: R=0.979, p<0.001)과의 강한 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 이는 담수 기원의 질소와 규소의 높은 농도의 영양염류가 해수와 혼합되는 과정에서 희석되고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 반면, 인산염농도는 염분이 15 psu를 기점으로 고염분의 유역에서는 상대적으로 높은 농도가 관찰되었고, 이는 수심이 얕은 광양만의 퇴적물이 조석에 의한 수층혼합으로 재부유되어 인산염 재용출로 인해 수층에 일정량 기여하였다는 것을 의미한다. 섬진강 하구역에서 동계 2월과 3월 우점한 식물플랑크톤은 Eucampia zodiacus로 나타났고, 그들은 전체 군집의 70% 이상을 차지하였다. 특히, 3월 생물 활성도를 평가한 결과, 염분과 chlorophyll a(R=0.82)뿐만 아니라 active chlorophyll a(R=0.80)과 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.001). 특히 담수의 영향을 강하게 받는 상류 정점에서는 해수종 규조류가 염분충격으로 생리활성을 잃어 최대 75 % 사멸율을 기록하였다. 2월 대조기 조사에서는 상대적으로 형광값이 높은 정점에서 pH가 높게 나타났고, 이는 높은 밀도로 우점한 규조류의 광합성 작용으로 $CO_2$가 다량 흡수되어 pH 상승효과를 가져온 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 2월 현장식물플랑크톤 군집을 농축하여 저염분 환경에서 생물농도구배에 따른 pH 변화를 파악한 결과, 염분충격에 의해 사멸한 식물플랑크톤의 영향으로 광합성 활성도의 감소를 가져왔고, 우점 규조류의 사멸로 인해 박테리아가 현저하게 증식하였다. 그 결과 박테리아가 규조류를 생분해하는 과정에서 $CO_2$가 발생하여 pH 의 감소를 유발하였다. 결과적으로 섬진강하구역에서는 염분 구배에 따른 생물의 광합성 활성도의 차이와 생물사멸이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었고, 이는 pH의 증감을 유발하는 중요한 인자로 파악되었다.