• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.5-9
• /
• 2014

Over the past ten years, since the introduction of the side crash test regulation in Europe, much research work has been performed internationally to develop new and modified test procedures to improve the level of occupant protection offered by vehicles in side crash test. This research has been co-ordinated and finally contributed to development of an AE-MDB(Advanced European Moving Deformable Barrier) and WorldSID (Worldwide Side Impact Dummy). EuroNCAP(European New Car Assessment Program) has the plan to conduct AE-MDB side crash test using WorldSID from 2015 by replacing Progressive MDB and EuroSID II. Automobile manufacturers need to respond to these changes closely. This paper is to find dominant control factor and analyze it of WorldSID 50%ile dummy injury through AE-MDB side crash test by predicting best and worst condition. And control factors will be validated within EuroNCAP regulations. This paper is analyzed by DFSS(Design for six sigma) which contains 5 control factors and is evaluated by ANOVA with the data as a result of LS-DYNA analysis correlated with crash pulse from 50 kph AE-MDB side crash test using WorldSID 50%ile dummy.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 2002

A lot of clones of the genus Dioscorea species have been introduced from some tropical and subtropical regions since 1997. The aim of this study was to determine characteristics of the production process in yams(Dioscorea spp). By utilizing 51clones of water yams(Dioscorea spp), some morphological characteristics were investigated at the field. Intraspecific genetic relationship of 51 variation types of the Yam classified by their external morphological characteristics such as leaf and tuber shape were assessed by DNA using random and specific primers. D. Alata and D. opposita were showed different relationship between yield and the growth of their aboveground parts. This suggests that even in the same species there were differences in yield volume and translocation of assimilation products, depending on the types. D. alata were distinguished from others Dioscorea species at 62% level in AFLP analysis. Also in principal component analysis, D. alata were showed the class from II to V.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 2007

In this study, in order to propose the prediction method of the residual settlement of clayey ground improved by vertical drains, a series of numerical analyses for a model ground were carried out using the elasto-viscous consolidation model. And the effects of ground improvement conditions of the ratio of effective radii $(r_e/r_w)$, consolidation pressure $({\Delta}p)$ on normally consolidated state, and the OCR (overconsolidation ratio) on overconsolidated state to reduce the residual settlement in three-dimensional consolidation by vertical drains were investigated by performing a series of numerical analyses. Furthermore, based on the results of a series of numerical analyses for the model ground, the predicting method of the residual settlement of clayey ground with vertical drains and the determination method of the value of OCR required to control the residual settlement within an acceptable value are proposed.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.109-120
• /
• 1986

This study was conducted to define the effect of addition of lysolecithin (LC) and 20% v/v rabbit serum to sperm preincubation medium on the induction of acrosome reaction (AR) an fertilizing ability in vitro of LG-added sperm. Ejaculated rabbit sperm from New Zealand White buck was washed once by centrifugation, then preincubated for 2 or 4 hrs in a chemically defined medium (DM), DM plus 20% rabbit serum or BSA-free DM plus 20% rabbit serum at 37$^{\circ}C$ water bath or CO2 incubator. At the end of preincubation LC was added to the preincubated sperm, which was stained at 0.5 to 4 hr later and examined for AR and sperm motility. For in vitro fertilization, gametes were coincubated in DM up to 24 hrs and thereafter fertilized embryos were incubated in BSM -II up to 48 hrs. Addition of LC to 4-hr preincubated sperm was more effective for the AR and sperm motility than that to 2-hr preincubated sperm and optimal concentration of LC for AR was about 80${\mu}$g/ml. A significant increase in AR occured from 20 to 30 min. after addition of 80 to 100${\mu}$g/ml in 4-hr preincubated sperm. BSA-free DM plus 20% rabbit serum showed a higher AR and sperm motility than those of DM plus 20% rabbit serum in LC-added sperm after 4-hr preincubation. The incidence of AR after 4-hr preincubation and at 30 min after 60${\mu}$g/ml LC addition varied greatly among individual bucks. Sixty ${\mu}$g/ml LC-added sperm showed a slight high cleavage rate over control levels, but 100${\mu}$g/ml LC-added sperm showed lower cleavage rate rather than 60${\mu}$g/ml LC. It is concluded that optimal concentration of LC for high AR induction and sperm motility in 4-hr preincubated sperm was about 80${\mu}$g/ml, but 60${\mu}$g/ml level was more useful for in vitro fertilization.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.37.2-37.2
• /
• 2021

Turbulence produces the density and velocity fluctuations in molecular clouds, and dense regions within the density fluctuation are the birthplace of stars. Also, turbulence can produce non-thermal pressure against gravity. Thus, turbulence plays a crucial roles in controlling star formation. However, despite many years of study, the detailed relation between turbulence and star formation remain poorly understood. As part of the Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO) Key Science Program (KSP), "mapping Turbulent properties In star-forming MolEcular clouds down to the Sonic scale (TIMES; PI: Jeong-Eun Lee)", we mapped two star-forming molecular clouds, the Orion A and the ρ Ophiuchus molecular clouds, in six molecular lines (¹³CO 1-0/C¹⁸O 1-0, HCN 1-0/HCO⁺ 1-0, and CS 2-1/N₂H⁺ 1-0) using the TRAO 14-m telescope. We applied the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the observed data in two different ways. The first method is analyzing the variation of line intensities in velocity space to evaluate the velocity power spectrum of underlying turbulence. We investigated the relation between the star formation activities and properties of turbulence. The other method is analyzing the variation of the integrated intensities between the molecular lines to find the characteristic correlation between them. We found that the HCN, HCO⁺, and CS lines well correlate with each other in the integral shaped filament in the Orion A cloud, while the HCO⁺ line is anti-correlate with the HCN and CS lines in L1688 of the Ophiuchus cloud.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.68.1-68.1
• /
• 2019

Turbulence plays a crucial role in controlling star formation as it produces density fluctuation as well as non-thermal pressure against gravity. Therefore, turbulence controls the mode and tempo of star formation. However, despite a plenty of previous studies, the properties of turbulence remain poorly understood. As part of the Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO) Key Science Program (KSP), "mapping Turbulent properties In star-forming MolEcular clouds down to the Sonic scale (TIMES; PI: Jeong-Eun Lee)", we mapped the Orion A and the Ophiuchus clouds, in three sets of lines (13CO 1-0/C18O 1-0, HCN 1-0/HCO+ 1-0, and CS 2-1/N2H+ 1-0) with a high-velocity resolution (~0.1 km/s) using the TRAO 14-m telescope. The mean Trms for the observed maps are less than 0.25 K, and all these maps show uniform Trms values throughout the observed area. These homogeneous and high signal-to-noise ratio data provide the best chance to probe the nature of turbulence in two different star-forming clouds, the Orion A and Ophiuchus clouds. We present comparisons between the line intensities of different molecular tracers as well as the results of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

• Journal of English Language & Literature
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.515-527
• /
• 2011

Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day, Winifred Watson's novel of 1938, is a fairytale in novel form. Set in London of 1938, the story revolves around a one-day adventure of an ill-starred but truthful governess who is granted a second chance. This light-hearted comedy of manners was turned into a film by director Bharat Nalluri in 2008. An Anglo-American collaboration, co-scripted by Simon Beaufoy and David McGee, the film converts Watson's quaint novel into an edged heritage piece that encapsulates the 1930s, the problematic decade between the two World Wars. The film, while sustaining the narrative core of Watson's Cinderella story, attempts to place it firmly within a wider current of the novel's setting or London in 1938, tapping into the major concerns of the interwar years that engage with characters in one way or another. Stylistically, the film presents Art Deco as a main visual idiom to convey the prevailing mood of nihilism and decadence of the day. The setting here takes on significance in that it offers a telling counterpoint to the giddy superficial world of the novel. The 1930s was a highly charged decade under the threat of fascism and the Great Depression, fraught with economic and socio-political tensions and apprehensions. The film makes an explicit reference to the dismal context which is suppressed in the original text. The thirties is, therefore, portrayed as a decade of contradiction. It features gay buoyant festivity, rampant consumerism, and shifting morals and attitudes towards love, marriage and sexuality. Yet lurking beneath the surface glamour are the symptoms of crises and the deep-seated anxieties on the eve of World War II. In this way, Watson's novel of manners has been recreated into a defining film on the 1930s with its period feel propped by the atmospheric lighting, the exuberant Jazz score, and the splendid Art Deco costume and production design.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.373-380
• /
• 2000

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of goat milk and fermented goat milk on reproductive function and stamina of male rodent. Methods: Experiment I: Male ICR mouse was divided into four groups. Group 1 none-treated control; Group 2 received saline; Group 3 received cow milk 10 ml/kg per day for 15 days; Group 4 received goat milk 10 ml/kg per day for 15 days. The cauda epididymal sperm motility and testicular sperm production were investigated. Experiment II: Male SD rat was divided into three groups. Group 1 received saline; Group 2 received goat milk 10 ml/kg per day for 28 days; Group 3 received fermented goat milk 10 ml/kg per day for 28 days. The cauda epididymal sperm motility and testicular sperm production were also investigated. The concentration of testosterone in serum at 1 and 3 weeks after treatment was determined using Immulite 2000 kit. Testes, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle were weighed. Experiment III: Male ICR mouse was divided into four groups. Group 1 none-treated control; Group 2 received saline; Group 3 received goat milk 10 ml/kg per day for 4 weeks; Group 4 received fermented goat milk 10 ml/kg per day for 4 weeks. After treatment, the mouse was forced to swim to test for stamina. Results: In Experiment I, the cauda epididymal sperm motility after in vitro culture for 1 or 3 h was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cow milk and goat milk than in the control and saline. There was no significant difference in the cauda epidymal sperm motility between cow and goat milk. The testicular spermatid number was significantly (p<0.01) higher in goat milk (222.8${\times}10^6$) than in the control (108.6), saline (98.2), and cow milk (118.2). In Experiment II, the cauda epididymal sperm motility after in vitro culture for 1 h was significantly (p<0.05) higher in fermented goat milk than in saline and goat milk. There was no significant difference in the cauda epidymal sperm motility between saline and goat milk but goat milk showed slightly higher sperm motility than saline. After in vitro culture for 3 h, the cauda epididymal sperm motility was significantly (p<0.01) higher in fermented goat milk and goat milk than in saline. The testicular spermatid number was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goat milk than in saline, and significantly (p<0.01) higher in fermented goat milk than in saline. And the serum testosterone levels of rats administered with goat milk or fermented goat milk were increased but were no significant difference among three groups. Also the prostate weight was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the goat and fermented goat milk. In Experiment III, the swimming time in the goat milk and fermented goat milk groups was significantly (p<0.01) longer than in the control and saline. There was no significant difference in the swimming time between goat and fermented goat milk but the fermented goat milk showed slightly longer swimming time than the goat milk. Conclusion: The cauda epididymal sperm motility, the testicular spermatid number and stamina were improved when the mice and rats were drunk with goat milk or fermented goat milk.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.431-439
• /
• 2014

The purposes of this research were to investigate the enrichment of metal-reducing bacteria from KURT groundwater and the identification of the microbial diversity by 16S rRNA as well as to examine microbial Fe(III)/Mn(IV) reduction and to analyze morphological features of interactions between microbes and precipitates and their mineralogical composition. To cultivate metal-reducing bacteria from groundwater sampled at the KURT in S. Korea, different electron donors such as glucose, acetate, lactate, formate, pyruvate and Fe(III)-citrate as an electron accepter were added into growth media. The enriched culture was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the diversity of microbial species. The effect of electron donors (i.e., glucose, acetate, lactate, formate, pyruvate) and electron acceptors (i.e., akaganeite, manganese oxide) on microbial iron/manganese reduction and biomineralization were examined using the 1st enriched culture, respectively. SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses were used to determine morphological features, chemical composition of microbes and mineralogical characteristics of the iron and manganese minerals. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, the four species, Fusibacter, Desulfuromonas, Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas sp., from KURT groundwater were identified as anaerobic metal reducers and these microbes precipitated metals outside of cells in common. XRD and EDX analyses showed that Fe(III)-containing mineral, akaganeite (${\beta}$-FeOOH), reduced into Fe(II)/Fe(III)-containing magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) and Mn(IV)-containing manganese oxide (${\lambda}-MnO_2$) into Mn(II)-containing rhodochrosite ($MnCO_3$) by the microbes. These results implicate that microbial metabolism and respiratory activities under anaerobic condition result in reduction and biomineralization of iron and manganese minerals. Therefore, the microbes cultivated from groundwater in KURT might play a major role to reduce various metals from highly toxic, mobile to less toxic, immobile.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.269-275
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of implant diameter, length and placement to implant stability. Materials and methods: Total 90 implants (US II plus$^{TM}$, Osstem co, Busan, Korea) of 72 patients were determined as experimental samples. The factors of diameters(${\phi}$ 4 mm, ${\phi}$ 5 mm), lengths (10 mm, 11.5 mm, 13 mm), and implant placement (maxilla, mandible) were analyzed. The stability of the implants was measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at the time of implant placement and impression taking. The difference of ISQ values according to patient's gender was evaluated by Independent t-test. ISQ values were compared between implant diameter, length and placement using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (${\alpha}=.05$). To compare ISQ values between at the time of surgery and impression taking, paired t-tests were used (${\alpha}=.05$). Results: The change of implant length did not show significant different on the ISQ value (P>.05). However, 5 mm diameter implants had higher ISQ values than 4 mm diameter implants (P<.05). Implants placed on the mandible showed significantly higher ISQ values than on the maxilla (P<.05). Conclusion: In order to increase implant stability, it is better to select the wider implant, and implants placed on mandible are possible to get higher stability than maxilla. ISQ values at impression taking showed higher implant stability than ISQ values at implant placement, it means that RFA is clinically effective method to evaluate the change of implant stability through the osseointegration. The consideration of the factors which may affect to the implant stability will help to determine the time of load applying and increase the implant success rate.