• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 2014

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is commonly observed in patients treated with excessive glucocorticoid (GC). Single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has shown to induce immune stimulatory factors. However, the effect of repeated administration of LPS on GC-induced ANFH has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was (i) to examine the cytokine profile induced by repeated LPS administrations and (ii) to test the effect of repeated LPS treatments on GC-induced ANFH. A mouse necrosis model of ANFH was designed by chronic GC administration with co-treatment of LPS. Mice body weights in the LPS/prednisolone (PDN) co-treated group were lower than that of the untreated control group, but spleen weights were greater than the control group. The levels of IL-6, $TNF{\alpha}$, and IL-33 in the liver and spleen of the LPS/PDN group were lower than the untreated control group, whereas $TNF{\alpha}$ level in the femoral head of the LPS/PDN group increased. Collectively, the effect of repeated LPS on the pathogenesis of GC-induced ANFH was associated with the $TNF{\alpha}$ level in the femoral head, but the pathogenesis did not correspond to cytokine levels in immune tissues.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2004

A system for the production of transgenic plants has been developed for Italian ryegrass(Lolium mult리orum Lam.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus. Mature seed-derived calli were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium EHA101 carrying standard binary vector pIG121Hm encoding the hygromycin phosphotransferase(HPT), neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and intron-oontaining $\beta$g1ucuronidase( intron-GUS) genes in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors on transformation and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. Inclusion of 200${\mu}M$ acetosyringone(AS) in inoculation and co-cultivation media lead to a significant increase in stable transformation efficiency. Increasing Agrobacterium cell density up to 1.0 in $OD_{600}$ during infection increased transfonnation efficiency of embryogenic calli. The highest transfonnation efficiency was obtained when embryogenic calli were incoulated with Agrobacterium in the presence of 0.1% Tween20 and 200${\mu}M$ AS. Hygromycin resistant calli were developed into complete plants via somatic embryogenesis. GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were integrated into the genome of Italian ryegrass.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.104-114
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement(Ketacfil, ESPE, Co.) against dentin surface which had been treated with surface conditioning agents(distilled water, 5% sodium hypochlorite solution, Ketac - conditioner, 40% polyacrylic acid). In this study, 60 human molars with sound and healthy crown portion which were previously extracted for orthodontic or periodontal problem. The dentin surfaces of these teeth were exposed with wet trimmer and polished with 150 - grit and 600 - grit silicon carbide paper and the teeth were divided into four groups(15 teeth per group) according to the following surface conditioning methods. Group I : Surface treatment with distilled water as control group. Group II : Surface conditioning with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Group III : Surface conditioning with Ketac conditioner. Group IV : Surface conditioning with 40% polyacrylic acid. The shear bond strengths were measured by Autograph(Shimatzu Co. Japan). The result of the evaluations were then subjected to statistical analysis using one - way analysis of variance and Duncan test and the results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength accrding to the dentin surface conditioning conditions was highest in Ketac conditioner group, with measurements of $44.44{\pm}0.74(kg/cm^2)$ and lowest in the distilled water group, with measurements of $28.84{\pm}0.88(kg/cm^2)$. 2. Statistically significant differences were found between surface conditioning with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution group or Ketac conditioner group and distilled water group(P<0.01). 3. Also, statistically significant difference was found between surface conditioning with distilled water group and 40% polyacrylic acid group(P<0.05). 4. Overall difference in statistical significance between the groups was not found (P<0.05). 5. Fractured dentin surface treated with conditioning solutions showed cohesive fracture. 6. Distilled water group and 5% sodium hypochlorite solution group removed the smear layer less effectively. 7. Conditioning dentin with Ketac conditioner and 40% polyacrylic acid resulted in the removal of a significant amount of the smear layer without removing the tubular plugs and dissolving the peritubular dentin.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.3-10
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• 1998

Simulated waste liquid containing 50 ppm cobalt ion was treated by adsorbing colloidal flotation using Fe(III) or Al(IlI) as flocclant and a sodium lamyl sulfate as a collector. Parameters such as pH, surfactant concentration, Fe(III) or Al(III) concentration, gas flow rate, etc., W앙e considered. The flotation with Fe(III) showed 99.8% removal efficiency of cohalt on the conditions of initial cobalt ion concentration 50 ppm, pH 9.5, gas flow rate 70 ml/min, and flotation time 30 min. When the waste solution, was treated with 35% $H_2O_2$ prior to adsorbing colloidal flotation, the optimal pH for removing cobalt shifted m to weak alkaline range and flotation could be applied in wider range of pH as compared to non-use of $H_2O_2$. Additional use of 20 ppm Al(III) after precipitation of 50 ppm Co(II) with 50 ppm Fe(III) made the optimal pH range for preferable flotation w wider. Foreign ions such as, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ were adopted and their effects were observed. Of which sulfate ion was f found to be detrimental to removal of cob퍼t ion by flotation. Coprecipitation of Co ion with Fe(III) and Al(III) resulted in b better removal efficiency of cobalt IOn 피 the presence of sulfate ion.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2014

This review study was conducted to recommend the effective use of herbicide mixtures in Korea. The herbicide ingredients by Herbicide Resistancce Action Committee (HRAC) was classified into 23 groupes according to the mode of action (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase, photosystem I and II inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors and potential nucleic acid inhibitors or non-descript mode of action). The rice herbicide mixtures registered in Korea were classified based on the guideline of HRAC. Accordingly, such a classification system for resistance management can help to avoid continuous use of the herbicide having the same mode of action in the same field.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2008

Fexofenadine, ($\pm$)-4-1-hydroxy-4-{4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1-piperidinyl}-butyl-a,a-dimethyl benzeneacetic acid, is a selective histamine $H_1$ receptor antagonist, and is clinically effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria as a first-line therapeutic agent. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two fexofenadine hydrochloride tablets, $Allegra^{(R)}$ (Handok Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Alecort (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of fexofenadine from the two fexofenadine hydrochloride formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, 25.62$\pm$3.35 years in age and 70.05$\pm$11.71 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2$\times$2 cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 120 mg as fexofenadine hydrochloride was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of fexofenadine in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The harmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Allegra^{(R)}$, were -1.37, 5.22 and 16.50% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.83$\sim$log 1.08 and log 0.81$\sim$log 1.03 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Alecort tablet was bioequivalent to $Allegra^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.328-334
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• 2019

Background: Although the frequency of respiratory viral infection in patients with pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not uncommon, clinical significance of the condition remains to be further elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics and outcomes of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with influenza and other respiratory viruses. Methods: Clinical data of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with respiratory viruses January 2014-June 2018 were reviewed. Respiratory viral infection was identified by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Among 126 patients who underwent multiplex RT-PCR, respiratory viral infection was identified in 46% (58/126): 28 patients with influenza and 30 patients with other respiratory viruses. There was no significant difference in baseline and clinical characteristics between patients with influenza and those with other respiratory viruses. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was more frequent in patients with influenza than in those with other respiratory viruses (32.1% vs 3.3%, p=0.006). Co-bacterial pathogens were more frequently isolated from respiratory samples of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with influenza virus than those with other respiratory viruses. (53.6% vs 26.7%, p=0.036). There were no significant differences regarding clinical outcomes. In multivariate analysis, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II was associated with 30-mortality (odds ratio, 1.158; 95% confidence interval, 1.022-1.312; p=0.022). Conclusion: Respiratory viral infection was not uncommon in patients with pulmonary ARDS. Influenza virus was most commonly identified and was associated with more co-bacterial infection and ECMO therapy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.387-394
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• 2019

Objective: This study was to investigate the nutrient ileal digestibility of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae and compare with those of three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 12 crossbred ($[Landrace{\times}Yorkshire]{\times}Duroc$) growing pigs with average body weights of $24.12{\pm}0.68kg$ were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas after being deprived of feed for 24 h according to published surgical procedures. These pigs had a recovery period of two weeks. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. Dietary treatments included the following: i) Fish meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% fish meal; ii) Meat meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% meat meal; iii) Poultry meal, cornvegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% poultry meal; iv) Tenebrio molitor, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% dried Tenebrio molitor larvae. Results: Results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal diet. Pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet showed increased (p<0.05) AID of His and Arg compared to pigs fed Fish meal or Meat meal diet. The AID of Cys was increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed poultry meal and Tenebrio molitor diets compared to that in pigs fish meal diet. Pigs fed meat meal, poultry meal, and Tenebrio molitor diets showed higher (p<0.05) standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of total energy compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. The SID of Arg was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal or meat meal diet. Furthermore, pigs fed poultry meal or Tenebrio molitor diets showed increased (p<0.05) SID of Cys compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, providing pigs with diets that contained Tenebrio molitor larvae meal improved AID and SID of nutrients as well as essential and non-essential amino acids. The digestibility of dried mealworm larvae protein and its utilization in vivo are also good. Therefore, dried mealworm larvae protein can be used as protein source at 10% level in growing pigs.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2022

Health care workers (HCWs) are more than ten times more likely to be infected with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) than the general population, thus demonstrating the burden of COVID-19 among HCWs. Factors that expose HCWs to a differentially high-risk of COVID-19 acquisition are important to elucidate, enable appropriate public health interventions to mitigate against high risk and reduce adverse outcomes from the infection. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize and critically analyze the existing evidence on SARS-CoV-2 risk factors among HCWs. With no geographical limitation, we included studies, in any country, that reported (i) the PCR laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 as an independent variable (ii) one or more COVID-19 risk factors among HCWs with risk estimates (relative risk, odds ratio, or hazard ratio) (iii) original, quantitative study design, and published in English or Mandarian. Our initial search resulted in 470 articles overall, however, only 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Out of the 10 studies included in the review, inadequate/lack of protective personal equipment, performing tracheal intubation, and gender were the most common risk factors of COVID-19. Based on the random effects adjusted pooled relative risk, HCWs who reported the use of protective personal equipment were 29% (95% CI: 16% to 41%) less likely to test positive for COVID-19. The study also revealed that HCWs who performed tracheal intubations were 34% (95% CI: 14% to 57%) more likely to test positive for COVID-19. Interestingly, this study showed that female HCWs are at 11% higher risk (RR 1.11 95% CI 1.01-1.21) of COVID-19 than their male counterparts. This article presents initial findings from a living systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, did not yield many studies; however, it revealed a significant insight into better understanding COVID-19 risk factors among HCWs; insights important for devising preventive strategies that protect them from this infection.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.231-242
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• 1976

The effects of temperature and pressure of leaching water on the leaching of radionuclides from bitumen-waste products were studied. The principal results are as follows: The fraction of $^{90}$ Sr and $^{137}$ Cs leached for periods of up to 120 days at 8atm was 2.1$\times$10$^{-6}$ ($\textrm{cm}^2$/g)$^{-1}$ , day$^{-1}$ and 6.02$\times$10$^{-5}$ ($\textrm{cm}^2$/g)$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ respectively and at 5$^{\circ}C$, 1.7$\times$10$^{-5}$ ($\textrm{cm}^2$/g)$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ and 4.01$\times$10$^{-5}$ ($\textrm{cm}^2$/g)$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ respectively. These values were lower than those in atmospheric pressure and room temperature. No diffence in the leaching rate with sea and distilled water was observed for the bitumen-waste products containing 40wt% salts. It appears that these results could be saved by improving safety in the dumping of sea. The effect of the softening point of pure asphalt or bitumen-waste product by $^{60}$ Co irradiation was increased with increasing total dose. Irradiation of asphalts at a total dose of 5.8$\times$10$^{8}$ rad showed no evidence of volume and caused no swelling. The functional groups of blown asphalt by infrared spectra are also identified.