• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1480-1489
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• 2024

Displacement cascade behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloys are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The embedded atom method (EAM) potential including Ti, Al and V elements is modified by adding Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark (ZBL) potential to describe the short-range interaction among different atoms. The time evolution of displacement cascades at the atomic scale is quantitatively evaluated with the energy of primary knock-on atom (PKA) ranging from 0.5 keV to 15 keV, and that for pure Ti is also computed as a comparison. The effects of temperature and incident direction of PKA are studied in detail. The results show that the temperature reduces the number of surviving Frenkel pairs (FPs), and the incident direction of PKA shows little correlation with them. Furthermore, the increasing temperature promotes the point defects to form clusters but reduces the number of defects due to the accelerated recombination of vacancies and interstitial atoms at relatively high temperature. The cluster fractions of interstitials and vacancies both increase with the PKA energy, whereas the increase of interstitial cluster is slightly larger due to their higher mobility. Compared to pure Ti, the presence of Al and V is beneficial to the formation of interstitial clusters and indirectly hinders the production of vacancy clusters.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2012

Annular Biofilm Reactor (ABR) equipped with coupons of three different pipe materials (STS 304, PVC, PE) was used to generate drinking water biofilm samples. The level of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) during the sample generation period was $37.3{\mu}g/L$, and this level did not seem to be low enough to limit the formation of biofilm in this study. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses determined T-RF profile as early as 3 h of exposure on PVC coupons. Average surface roughness ($R_a$) measured by atomic force microscopic analyses was 125.7 nm for PVC, and this value was higher than for STS (71.6 nm) and PE (74.0 nm). However, biofilm formation was faster on STS (6 h) than on PE (12 h), which indicated that surface roughness might not be the only factor that controlled the initiation of biofilm development. Upon detection of the T-RF peaks, richness (S) and diversity indices such as Shannon (H) and Simpson (1/D) demonstrated a rather slow increase until 48 h followed by rapid increase regardless of the pipe materials. Differences of microbial community structures among the biofilm samples were determined based on the cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients (Sj). Biofilm communities could be divided into two distinct groups according to the exposure time regardless of the pipe materials. First group contained a young (< 48 h) biofilm samples (10 out of 11) but second group contained a mature (${\geq}$ 48 h) samples (11 out of 14). Results suggested that, due to the complexity of biofilm, the targeting of the first group of cluster was crucial for optimizing the management of drinking water distribution systems and controlling microbial growth.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.464-472
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• 1996

이온화 클러스터 빔 증착에 의한 박막 형성 기구를 연구하였다. 가속전압, 기판온도, 표면이동 활성화에너지, 임계핵 크기 등이 박막의 결정입자크기 및 표면 평활도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 Monte-Carlo방법에 근거한 전산 모사 프로그램을 개발하였다. 클러스터의 운동에너지가 박막형성에 미치는 영향을 관찰함으로써 높은 가속전압이 입자들의 표면이동에너지를 증가시키며 단결정막의 생성을 용이하게 함을 알 수 있었다. 기판온도가 증가함에 따라 입자의 운동에너지 소산(dissipation)속도는 느려지고 따라서 결정입자의 크기가 커졌다. 이러한 효과는 임계핵 크기가 클수록 두드러졌다. 표면이동 활성화에너지는 입자와 기판간의 상호작용력과 운동에너지 소산속도에 영향을 미침이 발견되었다. 가속전압, 기판온도, 표면이동 활성화에너지는 박막의 평활도에 복합적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2007

무선 센서 네트워크에서 클러스터링 프로토콜의 목적은 각 센서 노드의 에너지 소모를 최소화하여 네트워크의 생존 시간을 최대화 하는 것이다. 그러나 기존의 클러스터링 프로토콜은 센서 노드, 클러스터 헤드와 싱크 노드 사이의 통신방법을 제외하고 주로 클러스터를 구성하는 것에만 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 클러스터링 프로토콜에 다중경로 라우팅 알고리즘을 적용하고, MAC 계층과 네트워크 계층 간의 cross-layer 설계를 이용하여 에너지 효율적인 클러스터링 프로토콜을 제안한다. 여기에서 다중경로 정보는 싱크로부터의 경로 요구 패킷을 네트워크에 전파시킴으로서 설정되며 또한 다중경로에 대한 정보는 무선채널의 브로드캐스팅 특징과 결합하여 데이터의 전송 확률을 증가시킨다. 실험 결과에 의하면 제안한 프로토콜이 클러스터 헤드의 부하를 낮춤으로써 무선 센서 네트워크의 생존 시간을 늘려주고, 네트워크 크기의 증가에 따라 에너지 소비의 증가율이 다소 낮아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2003

The intracluster ion-molecule reactions of $Ti^+(H_2O)_n,\;Ti^+(CH_3OCH_3)_n,\;and\;Ti^+(CH_3OD)_n$ complexes produced by the mixing of the laser-vaporized plasma and the pulsed supersonic beam were studied using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The reactions of $Ti^+$ with water clusters were dominated by the dehydrogenation reaction, which produces $TiO^+(H_2O)_n$ clusters. The mass spectra resulting from the reactions of $Ti^+\;with\;CH_3OCH_3$ clusters exhibit a major sequence of $Ti^+(OCH_3)_m(CH_3OCH_3)_n$ cluster ions, which is attributed to the insertion of $Ti^+$ ion into C-O bond of $CH_3OCH_3$ followed by $CH_3$ elimination. The prevalence of $Ti^+(OCH_3)_m(CH_3OD)_n$ ions in the reaction of $Ti^+\;with\;CH_3OD$ clusters suggests that D elimination via O-D bond insertion is the preferred decomposition pathway. In addition, the results indicate that consecutive insertion reactions by the $Ti^+$ ion occur for up to three precursor molecules. Thus, examination of $Ti^+$ insertion into three different molecules establishes the reactivity order: O-H > C-O > C-H. The experiments additionally show that the chemical reactivity of heterocluster ions is greatly influenced by cluster size and argon stagnation pressure. The reaction energetics and formation mechanisms of the observed heterocluster ions are also discussed.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

Atom probe tomography is a time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based microanalysis technique based on the field evaporation of surface atoms of a tip-shaped specimen under an extremely high surface electric field. It enables three-dimensional characterization for deeper understanding of chemical nature in conductive materials at nanometer/atomic level, because of its high depth and spatial resolutions and ppm-level sensitivity. Indeed, the technique has been widely used to investigate the elemental partitioning in the complex microstructures, the segregation of solute atoms to the boundaries, interfaces, and dislocations as well as following of the evolution of precipitation staring from the early stage of cluster formation to the final stage of the equilibrium precipitates. The current review article aims at giving a comment to first atom probe users regarding the limitation of the techniques, providing a brief perspective on how we correctly interprets atom probe data for targeted applications.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2007

In this paper, we proposed a new MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) technology of routing protocol. The MANET has a mobility formation of mobile nodes in the wireless networks. Wireless network have two types architecture: the Tree based multicast and shared tree based. The two kind's architecture of general wireless networks have difficult to solve the problems existing in the network, such as connectivity, safety, and reliability. For this purpose, as using that ADDMRP (Ad hoc network Doppler effect-based for Dynamic Multicast Routing Protocol), this study gives the following suggestion for new topology through network durability and Omni-directional information. The proposed architectures have considered the mobility location, mobility time, density, velocity and simultaneous using node by Doppler effects and improved the performance.

• 천문학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2018

Star formation activity of galaxies, along with color and morphology, show significant environmental dependence in local universe, where galaxies in dense environment tend to be more quiescent and redder. However, many studies show that such environmental dependence does not continue at higher redshifts beyond z~1. The question of how the environmental dependence of galactic properties have developed over time is crucial to understanding cosmic galactic evolution. By combining data from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey(CFHTLS), Infrared Medium-Deep Survey(IMS), and other surveys, the photometric redshifts of galaxies in CFHTLS W2 field were estimated by fitting spectral energy distribution. The distribution of galaxies was mapped in redshift bins of 0.05 interval from 0.6 to 1.4. For each redshift bin, the number density was mapped. The galaxies in high density regions were grouped into clusters using friend-of-friend method. The color of galaxies were analyzed to study the correlation with redshift as well as environmental difference between field galaxies and cluster member galaxies.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.120-131
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• 1995

이동행태를 분석하기 위해 시.공간이론 중 3가지 제약조건인 능력제약, 조합제약, 권위제약이 공간특성에 따라 성별, 연령이 이동에 어느 정도 영향을 주는지를 분석하고 적 정 이동군집수를 결정하고자 한다. 이중 권위제약은 사회적 제약조건으로서 도시시설물이나 교통수단의 이용에 있어 사회적 신분이나 규약에 의해 이동영역이 통제되는 것을 의미한다. 공간특성에 의한 이동의 통제는, 도시와 농촌으로 구분하였을 때 도시지역 사람들은 농촌지 역 사람들에 비해 첨두시간대의 이동 참여율이 높으며, 이동군집수 결정에 있어서도 여러 연령층이 유사한 이동행태를 지니고 있음을 알 수 있다. 도시지역 사람들은 공간특성상에 따른 이동의 다양성이 군집수 결정에 상관되었으며, 이는 공간특성에 따라 이동행태가 달라 질 수 있다고 볼 수 있다. 성별 및 연령에 의한 통제 역시 사회적 제약조건으로서 이동행태 에 영향이 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.27-49
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• 2006

This study investigated the integrated effects of family, school, internet, and mass culture factors on the identity formation of adolescents. Specifically, the purposes of this study were to categorize adolescents into groups by what they do during the time except the life in school and to investigate differences among the groups regarding the identity information(body image, self-esteem, self-identity) and the influences of environmental factors on identity formation of adolescent. The study distributed questionnaires to middle and high school adolescents of five representative cities in South Korea. The total respondents were 2240(960 from Seoul/Kyongki, and 320 each from Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, and Taejon). The response rate was 98.7%. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncan test, and multiple regression. The results showed that Korean adolescents were segmented into five groups : TV preference group, computer preference group, friends and family involvement group, homework and study preference group, and study institute involvement group). The five groups were significantly different in regard to body image pursuit, self-esteem, and self-identity. The body image pursuit, self-esteem, and self-identity of adolescents were significantly different in regard to each environmental factors, in each adolescent group.