• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$;control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe＋Mn, $T_4$; Fe＋Mn＋Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo, $T_7$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo＋B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The third part was concerned with the changes in the contents and yields of N-compounds (crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The contents of N-compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) were generally different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed culture, and additional fertilization, especially N. In orchardgrass, these contents were relatively low at the $T_3$ and $T_6$ in both pure and mixed cultures. In white clover, these contents were relatively decreased by the $T_1$, $T_3$, and $T_6$ in mixed culture. 2. The treatments influenced relatively more on the yields of crude/pure protein than on the dry matter yields of forages, and this tendency was more significant in white clover than in orchardgrass. 3. In white clover, the great differences in the yields of crude protein by the treatments occurred especially in mixed culture and at 5th cut without no additional fertilization. In white clover, the positive effects of optimum treatments on the yields of crude protein seemed to be decreased by the additional fertilization, especially N. In mixed culture, the favorable growth of white clover by the optimum treatments tended to be positively related to the favorable contents and yields of N-compounds. The changes in the yields of pure protein were similar to the tendency of crude protein

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of boron application($B_{0}$ ; control, $B_1$; 0.2, $B_2$; 2.0, B$_3$; 6.0, $B_4$; 15.0 boron me/pot) on the forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The third part was concerned with the changes in the contents and yields of nitrogen compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compound) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. With no additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in a pure culture, the $B_{0}$ and $B_4$ treatments on white clover decreased the amount of crude/pure protein, and showed nitrogen deficiency symptoms. However, the optimum boron application($B_2$) positively resulted in the increase of crude and pure protein, especially pure protein, and the content ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. With additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, differences were not found among the boron treatments($B_{0}$, $B_2$, and $B_4$). 2. Owing to the decline of white clover as affected by the additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in the grass-clover mixed cultures, the effects of B-application on these contents of white clover were different and relatively low, compared with the pure cultures. But the positive effect of $B_2$ treatment tended to be similar to the pure cultures. Also, it was recognized that the $B_2$ treatment resulted in the increase of their contents in orchardgrass, however, the effect was relatively minor compared with that of white clover. 3. The optimum B application(B$_2$) on white clover influenced relatively better on the yields of crude and pure protein than on the dry matter yields, especially with no additional fertilization. The effects of boron application on the contents and yields of crude and pure protein were different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed culture, and additional fertilization.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1075-1080
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various legumes in mixtures: AA mixtures(orchardgrass 40%+tall fescue 25%+Kentucky bluegrass 15%+alfalfa 20%), RC mixtures (orchardgrass 40% + tall fescue 25% + Kentucky bluegrass 15% + red clover 20%) and WC mixtures (orchardgrass 50% + tall fescue 25% + Kentucky bluegrass 15% + white clover 10%). The field trials were conducted from 2000 to 2003 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and forage quality on different legumes in mixtures. The dry matter yield was significantly higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures(p<0.05). In the chemical composition, the content of crude protein and dry matter digestibility were higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures. However, the content of fibrous constituents of WC mixtures was lower than in other mixtures. The yields of crude protein dry matter and digestible dry matter were significantly higher in WC mixtures than in other mixtures. In botanical composition of alfalfa, red clover and white clover in each mixture were maintained 21%, 36% and 48% respectively, at the last cutting time in 2003. The results of this experiment indicated that WC mixtures were more effective in enhancing the DM yield and forage quality, but it needs to control the optimum botanical composition of WC.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1995

White clover (Trifolium repens L) gives rise to either weak persistence or overdominance in the pastures. To get information on grazing method to surmount the problem, the experiment was done to measure the effect of infrequent, frequent and their alternations on harvest yield and morphological characteristics of the clover. Individual plants of Regal, Louisiana S-l, Grasslands Huia, and Aberystwyth S184 were grown in 22cm plastic pot containing a 2： 1： 1 soil： sand： Peat moss mixture for 27 days after transplanting 50-day seedlings raised on 3cm pots, and then their all fully expanded leaves are trimmed. Defoliation treatments were forced every 1 (CC, frequent), 4 week(RR,infrequent) or their alternations(CR, RC) after 8 weeks from the trimming. To analyze the treatment effects, plants were sampled on 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after the trimming. Harvest yield of infrequent defoliation (RR) was higher than that of frequent defoliation (CC). Leaf area and no. of leaves per plant, petiole length and stolon length per plant, moreover, showed the similar result to the yield but stolon length and leaf area per g were reverse. The alternation of infre-quent and then frequent defoliation (RC) had greater yield than that of their reverse (CR) although both alternations showed intermediate ones compared to CC and RR. Morphological characteristics, furthermore, related to the clover leaf were immediately changed by alternations of defoliation inter-val(RC and CR) while those done to the stolon were lasted longer thereafter(RC and CR). Harvest yields in RC and CR were positively correlated to leaf area and no. of leaves or stolon length per plant but negatively done to leaf area and stolon length per g. It is concluded that weak persistence or overdominance of white clover in pasture can be controlled by alternation of infrequent and then frequent defoliation or reverse.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.480-488
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• 1994

Low seedling growth rates of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) have been limited its good establishment to pastures. The experiment was done to determine the effect of removal of cotyledon and unifoliolate on the growth and morphological characters of contrasting white clover cultivars for 8 weeks after the treatment. Individual plants of cv. Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S-l (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (medium-small leaf) and Aberystwyth S184 (small leaf) were grown in 10cm plastic pot containing a 2:1:1 soil:sand:peat moss mixture until the cotyledon or unifoliolate stage and then removed one (C1) or two cotyledons (C2) at cotyledon stage, and unifoliolate only (U), unifoliolate and one cotyledon (DC1) or unifoliolate and two cotyledons (DC2) at the unifoliolate stage. To measure the removal effect on biomass and morphological characters (leaf area, petiole and stolon lengths, growing tips and leaves), plants were sampled 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the treatment. Intact plants had greater biomass and morphological characters than removal-treated ones, Removal treatments at cotyledon stage, C1 and C2, were decreased more biomass and morphological characters than removal ones at unifoliolate stage while the severer cotyledon removal, the more reduction. Stolon length per plant and petiole length markedly inclined 6 weeks after the treatments although biomass and the other characters continuously did. Relatively large-leaved cultivar had more biomass, leaf area per plant and longer petiole than the other(s) but the reverse results were true in stolon length, growing tips and no. of leaves per plant. Biomass was linearly increased with increased leaf area but the earlier and severer removal, the less slope. The severer damage of cotyledon and unifoliolate had detrimental effects on the growth and aftermath establishment of white clover

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted in order to observe the effects of double superphosphate and fused phosphate application(T$_1$: control. T$_2$: double superphosphate application, T$_3$; fused phosphate application) on the seedling vigour, botanical composition, and yields of grass/clover mixed swards on newly reclaimed hilly soil. The results obtained are summarized as fellows: At the grassland establishment. the seedling vigour and yields of grass-clover mixed swards were much better by the T$_2$than the T$_3$. These favorable effects were more enhanced in white clover than orchardgrass. Compared with the T$_2$, the T$_3$resulted in the gradual increase of botanical composition and relative yield of white clover according to the cutting order. With the consideration of these results, double superphosphate could be favorable for pasture establishment and fused phosphate could be favorable for pasture management fertilizers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the impact of early weaning of lambs at approximately seven weeks of age onto a herb-clover mix on the liveweight gain of lambs and their dams. Methods: In 2015, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 134) were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: i) Early-weaned (58 days after the midpoint of lambing) onto an unrestricted allowance (>1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of herb-clover mix (HerbEW); ii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of herb-clover mix until conventional weaning (95 days after the midpoint of lambing) (HerbCW); iii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (GrassCW). In 2016, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 170) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: i), ii), iii) (similar to 2015) and iv) Lambs+dams unweaned onto a restricted allowance (<1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (93 days after the midpoint of lambing) (Restricted-GrassCW). Results: In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbCW and GrassCW lambs did not differ (p>0.05), but were greater than HerbEW lambs. In 2016, HerbCW lambs had greater (p<0.05) liveweight gains from L51 to L93 than GrassCW followed by HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW lambs. In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbEW ewes were greater than both GrassCW and HerbCW ewes while in 2016, liveweight gain of from L51 to L93 GrassCW and HerbCW ewes did not differ (p>0.05) but were greater (p<0.05) than those of HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW ewes. Conclusion: These results indicate that when grass-clover pasture supply can be maintained at unrestricted intake level, there may be no benefit of weaning lambs early. However, at restricted pasture conditions lambs can achieve greater liveweight gains when weaned early onto a herb-clover mix.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.344-350
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• 2011

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is a potentially useful perennial legume because of its excellent nutritive value and persistence under environmental extremes. However, information about forage quality of kura clover - grass mixtures adapted to the North-Central USA is limited. Objectives of this research were to determine forage nutritional value of kura clover-grass mixtures under different harvest frequency and cutting height regimes. 'Rhizo' kura clover was grown alone and in binary mixtures with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), 'Comet' orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and 'Badger' smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station located near Madison, WI. Three harvest frequencies ($3{\times}$, $4{\times}$, or $5{\times}$ annually) and two cutting heights (4- or 10-cm) were imposed on each binary mixture and on kura clover grown alone. Higher nutritive value was observed in the binary mixtures with more frequent harvest and lower cutting height. Averaged over 3 years and all harvest frequency and cutting height treatments, the nutritive value of the Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass mixtures was superior to that of the orchardgrass mixture ($410\;g\;kg^{-1}$ NDF and $194\;g\;kg^{-1}$ CP in the Kentucky bluegrass mixture; $405\;g\;kg^{-1}$ NDF and $188\;g\;kg^{-1}$ CP in the smooth bromegrass mixture; $435\;g\;kg^{-1}$ NDF and $175\;g\;kg^{-1}$ CP in the orchardgrass mixture). All of the mixtures and harvest management systems evaluated in this study produced forage with quality equivalent to "grade one" alfalfa hay and suitable for highproducing livestock, even though the highest quality was observed in the Kentucky bluegrass mixture with $5{\times}$ harvesting at the shorter cutting height.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of systematic variation appling of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn on forage performance of orchardgrass and white clover. The treatments of systematic variation were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and $100/0\%$ in the Fe/Cu(trial-1), Mn/Zn(trial-2), and Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn(trial-3), respectively. The treatments of Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn(trial-4) were $70\%$ in main-element and $10\% in other 3 sub-elements, respectively. 1. Compared with orchadgrass, white clover showed relatively consistent differences in the content of micronutrients as influenced by treatments of the systematic variation. The contents of Mn and Cu in the forages were significantly influenced by the application rates of Mn and Cu, respectively. The contents of Fe and Zn in the forages, however, were not significantly different among these treatments. 2. Compared with orchardgrass in the Fe/cu trial, white clover had not only the low content of Cu but also the Cu content and yield of white clover were greatly decreased by the low rate of application of Cu. In the Mn/Zn trial, the $0/100\%$ resulted in the severe decrease of Mn-content in both forages. The low content of Mn in white clover tended to be negatively correlated to the Mn-chlorosis, inferior growth and flowering, and low yield. 3. In the Fe+Cu/Mn+Zn trial, the application with $0/100\%$ and $0/100\%$ resulted in the relatively great decrease of Cu and Mn contents, respectively. These traits in white clover tended to be negatively correlated to the inferior growth and flowering, and low yield 4. In the Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn trial, the content of every main-elements in the forages were increased especially in Mn. In addition, the contents of sub-elements were likely to be somewhat negatively influenced by the treatment of main-element respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2004

This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined micronutrient application($T_1$;control, $T_2$; Fe, $T_3$; Fe＋Mn, $T_4$: Fe＋Mn＋Cu, $T_5$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn, $T_6$ ; Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo, $T_7$ ;Fe＋Mn＋Cu＋Zn＋Mo＋B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. This 4th part was related to the changes in the contents of micronutrients(Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. General differences have been showed in the contents of micronutrients based on the treatments, forage species, pure/mixed culture, cutting order, and additional fertilization, especially N. Compared to pure culture, orchardgrass showed relatively high contents of Mn and Zn, and low contents of B and Fe in mixed culture. White clover, however, tended to be exactly opposed to the above trends. The contents of Cu and Mo did not show any differences between pure and mixed cultures. 2. In relative comparison, the $T_7$ influenced negatively on the contents of Cu, Zn, and Mo in orchardgrass. The $T_7$ also influenced negatively on the contents of Mo in white clover. However, the $T_7$ influenced positively on the contents of Mn in orchardgrass, and also influenced positively on the contents of Fe, Mn, and Cu in white clover. Because of the antagonism between Fe and Mn, the Fe contents in both forages were significantly decreased by the $T_3$. Under the various conditions, the differences among Fe contents tended to be more significant in white clover than in orchardgrass. 3. At the $T_6$ and $T_7$, the Mo contents in both forages tended to be relatively high. The Mo contents, however, were somewhat decreased by the $T_7$ 7/. The Mo-toxicity, which was caused by the high Mo-contents, tended to be diminished, and was likely to be prevented by the optimum B/Mo ratio and B application($T_7$ ).