• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 1994

It is necessary to effective temperature and humidity management for normal growth of crops in protected cultivation during the summer season. Because the highest temperature of vinyl house inhibit normal growth of crop and decrease of crop production or marketability in summer season. Finally, the vinyl house was impossible some crop cultivation in summer season. This study was conducted to investigate effective and economic method for temperature drop in protected cultivation during the summer season. 1. In medium size vinyl house(5$\times$13$\times$3m), the effect of temperature drop appeared the highest in treatment of shading with aluminium thermal curtain＋fog system＋ventilation with fan. The effect of temperature drop was about 1$0^{\circ}C$ lower than outer air temperature and about 4$^{\circ}C$ lower than outer soil temperature. 2. The effect of temperature drop according to shading with aluminium thermal curtain＋fog system＋ventilation with fan during the highest temperature of summer season Jul., 20 to Aug., 21 was appeared about 8$^{\circ}C$ lower than outdoor above ground(1.2m) and about 7$^{\circ}C$ lower than outdoor surface ground. 3. The changes of solar radiation during a day according to shading with aluminium thermal curtain＋ventilation with fan and shading with black curtain＋ventilation with fan treatments was appeared respectively about 29.3%, 32.5% of outdoor solar radiation a fine day and respectively about 27.4%, 31.8% of outdoor solar radiation a cloudy day.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2016

In this study, new hydroxyapatite powder surface composites were investigated for protective effects against ultraviolet rays. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is biocompatible and does not cause nebula phenomenon on skin. We investigated the surface modification of hydroxyapatite to improve UV block and skin usage. Dimethicone, lauroyl lysine, triethoxycaprylylsilane and silica were used as coating agents for the surface modification of HAp. To prepare the composite complex of the modified surface, the dimethicone, lauroyl lysine and triethoxycaprylylsilane were prepared by a dry process, and silica by a hydrothermal synthesis method. The HAp-silica was chosen as the best composite powder when measuring its sun protection levels. We investigated the characteristics of the surface of HAp-silica by SEM, particle size analyzer and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Additionally, the stability in the formulation, UV block effect, and safety in BB creams were investigated. In conclusion, HAp-silica prepared by the modification of HAp complex surface improved the skin usage and UV block effect by enhancing the white cloudy phenomenon. These results indicate that HAp-silica may be used for UV block cosmetics.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 1997

The study of present study was to determine the valuable laboratory tests for the differential diagnosis of lead poisoning in dogs. Sixteen mongrel dogs were divided into 2 experimental groups (A and B) and a control group (C). The A and B groups were administered orally 2 mg and 20 mg of lead per kilogram of body weight for 49 days, respectively. In addition to clinical observation, blood, urine and hair samples were collected on appointed day and examined for hematological changes, lead content of serum, whole blood and hair, and urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid concentrations. All dogs were necropside on 49th day and examined for the lead content and histological changes of organs. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The group B showed digestive and nervous signs, and weight loss. The group A showed no significant hematological changes except polychromatophilla on the 7th day. But group B showed polychromatophilia as well as mild anemia and nucleated erythrocyte on the 7th and 35th day. Basophlic stippling erythrocytes were observed in some of the group B on the 14th day. The lead content of whole blood was increased significantly in both A and B groups on the 21the day. The urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid content was increased in both A and B groups on the 7th day. The hair lead content of A and B groups was increased significantly on the 49th and 21th day, respectively. The lead contents of organs including liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and bone were increased significantly in group B. Histopathologic changes were characterized by hemorrhages, necrosis and intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney, cloudy swelling and degeneration and/or necrosis of liver, enlargement of Virchow-Robin space, and swelling of endothelial cells and hyperplasia of the pericytes of brain. From these results it may be concluded that examination of nucleated erythrocyte/polychromatophilia, urinary $\delta$ -aminolevulinic acid, and whole blood and hair lead contents is a reliable clinico-pathological diagnostic methods, and that examination of the Virchow-Robin space, endothelial cells and pericytes of brain as well as intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney is valualble postmortem diagnostic methods for lead poisoning in dogs.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.149-170
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• 2012

The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011, ended on December 12, 2011, 36 hours over its schedule, delivering the Durban Package, which consisted of, inter alia, the extension of the period for Kyoto Protocol term and the launch of Ad-hoc working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. Despite the positive progress made in Durban, the future of post-2012 climate regime still seems cloudy. Before the Durban conference, some of Annex I countries with emissions reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period openly declared their intention not to participate in the second one, reducing the effectiveness of Durban agreement. Parties to the conference have a long list of difficult issues disturbing the materialization of the new legal agreement in 2020 such as level of mitigation targets of individual countries and legal nature of their commitment. Given this uncertainty, the Korean government should reinforce its domestic climate policies rather than settling in the fact that it remains as a non-Annex I county party under the Durban Agreement due to the extension of the Kyoto Protocol period. Domestically, it needs to continue to raise the public awareness for rigorous climate policies to transit its economy to low carbon pathway which reduces the country's dependency on fossil fuel in the long term. It is also important to implement cost effective climate policies to cope with domestic resistance and international competitiveness. Internationally, its priority would be working for trust-building in the on-going negotiation meetings to encourage meaningful participation of all parties.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.301-322
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• 2015

This study examined the effect of emotional sounds on satisfaction of search (SOS). SOS occurs when detection of a target results in a lesser chance of finding subsequent targets when searching for an unknown number of targets. Previous studies have examined factors that may influence the phenomenon, but the effect of emotional sounds is yet to be identified. Therefore, the current study investigated how emotional sound affects magnitude of the SOS effect. In addition, participants' eye movements were recorded to determine the source of SOS errors. The search display included abstract T and L-shaped items on a cloudy background and positive and negative sounds. Results demonstrated that negative sounds produced the largest SOS effect by definition, but this was due to superior accuracy in low-salient single target trials. Response time, which represents efficiency, was consistently faster when negative sounds were provided, in all target conditions. On-target fixation classification revealed scanning error, which occurs because targets are not fixated, as the most prominent type of error. These results imply that the two dimensions of emotion - valence and arousal - interactively affect cognitive performance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1970

It is one of the important subjects in fall crop production of potatoes in korea to find the proper direct planting method as a substitute for transplanting method by sprouting inducement at seed-bed. From this point the author has undertaken this experiments to examine the effects of several handling methods of seed tuber pieces at planting on sprouting of fall grown potatoes at Ansung Agricultural College from August to september in 1969. The results of experiments induced sprouting with Gibberellin treatment using the variety Irish Cobbler were as follows; 1. Sun light exposure treatment to cut surface of potato seed pieces resulted in rotting of seed pieces and delay of sprouting and bud growth. Exposure more than three hours induced severe rotting(more than fifty percent) of seed pieces (Table I). 2. When soil moisture are abundant and the duration of sun light. exposure is short, even direct planting method of treated seed pieces with Gibberellin resulted in good potato stands (Table 2). 3. The direct planting method, as the rotting of seed pieces are avoidable are applicable in fall crop production of potatoes us a substitute for transplanting method because the sprouting and bud growth are promoted more in case of direct planting than transplanting (Table 3). 4. When the humidity in the bottle was low no healing effects was found by holding the seed pieces in large closed bottle under the trees for three days before planting (Table 2). 5. If duration of sunlight exposure is short, no difference of potato stands between clear day planting and cloudy day plant ing (Table 3). 6. As long as soil moisture deficiency. was not induced the irrigation at planting shows no effects to protect the seed piece rotting after planting (Table 3).

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.49-69
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• 1966

For the purpose of stydying the pharmacodynamic action of methemoglobin, the author made the following experiments: 1. Preparation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin solutions: Red cell suspension from rabbit blood was hemolysed with distilled water and then divided into two portions. One portion was dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic with the proper amount of sodium chloride. The second portion was treated with sodium nitrite to convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic. 2. The concentration of methemoglobin in solution, plasma and urine was determined by Horecker and Brackette's method, and that of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method. 3. The concentration of methemoglobin and hemoglobin in the plasma and urine of rabbits was measured at several intervals of time after infusion of the above samples. 4. The blood pressure and respiration of rabbits were recorded on a kymograph, and the effects of the samples on them were observed. 5. The effects of the samples on the movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were studied. 6. The kidneys of rabbits were excised 4 to 5 hours after injection of the samples, and histopathological examinations were made. These experiments revealed the following results: 1. When methemoglobin solution was allowed to stand in room air, there was no decrease in the concentration of methemoglobin. 2. When methemoglobin solution was mixed with whole blood and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$, the concentration of methemoglobin decteased gradually. 3. After the infusion of methemoglobin and hemoglobin solutions, the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin in the plasma was more rapid than that of hemoglobin in the plasma. The higher the initial concentration in the plasma, the larger was the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin. 4. The rate of disappearance of methemoglobin was exceedingly rapid for 30 minutes after the infusion. 5. The urinary excretion of methemoglobin was more rapid than that of hemoglobin. 6. It would seem that the circulating blood contains substances which are promptly mobilized in the plasma to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin. 7. Moderate amounts of methemoglobin solution caused some rise in the blood pressure and a transient acceleration of the respiration of the rabbits. These effects of methemoglobin were milder than those of hemoglobin. 8. The movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were accelerated by methemoglobin. These accelerating effects were milder than those of hemoglobin. 9. In the kidneys of rabbits treated with methemoglobin solution, hyperemia of the glomeruli, cloudy swelling and hemoglobin deposit in the tubular epithelium, hemoglobin casts in the tubular lumina of the proximal tubules, and interstitial congestion were constantly observed. There was no definite difference between the histological findings in the rabbit kidneys injected with methemoglobin, and those injected with hemoglobin solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

Growth response and evapotranspiration of tobacco as to each soil moisture condition treated with different height of ground water table such as 30cm, 100cm, 170cm, and 230cm were investigated. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Soil water potential in the rhizosphere (25cm depth from surface) treated with ground water table (G.W.T) of 230 cm was less than -6.5 bar at 60 days after transplanting. 2. Dry weight of leaves per plant was the highest in the pot treated with 100 cm G.W.T and was the lowest in the pot treated with 230 cm G.W.T.. Leaves/Stem ratio of dry weight was the lowest in the pot treated with 230 cm G.W.T. This would show that extension of leaves as compared with elongation of stem was suppressed. .3. In the roster stress condition of 230 cm G.W.T., extension of leaves was continued until the latter growth stage, Relative growth rate of leaf area per plant of the pot with 30 cm G.W.T. was the highest through all growth period after fixation of G.W.7., but owing to lower density of leaf, the dry weight of leaves per plant was less rather than that of the pot with 170 cm G.W.T. at 64 days after transplanting. 4. The highest evapotranspiration per plant per day was shown at the 45th day after transplanting in the pots with 30cm and 100cm G.W.T. and at 60 days in the pots with 170cm and 230cm G.W.T respectively. 5. In the soil moisture conditions with 30cm and 100cm G.W.T., evapotranspiration per plant per hour was much higher in the daytime that at night as well as in clear day than in rain-cloudy day owing to loner relative humidity , but in the water stress condition with 230 cm G.W.T., that was much lower. 6. Total evapotranspiration per plant during the whole growing period of 64 days was in order of 30cm > 100 cm > 170 cm > 230 cm G.W.T.. Total evapotranspiration for 34 days after fixation of G.W.T was much higher at night than in the daytime in case of water stress conditions i.e 170cm and 230cm G.W.T. but in normal condition of the pots with 30cm and 100cm G.W.T. that was much higher in the daytime than at night. 7. Leaf water potential of the 3rd and 6th leaf from top at 64 days after transplanting was in order of 100cm > 30 cm > 170cm > 230cm G.W.T. The reason why leaf water potential in the pot with 30cm was less than that in the pot with 100cm G.W.T. would be the abnormal turgidity with low density of cell substrates by the excess water absorption in the pot with 30cm G.W.T..

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.371-384
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• 2015

Although GOCI has potential for land surface monitoring, there have been only a few cases for land applications. It might be due to the lack of reliable land products derived from GOCI data for end-users. To use for land applications, it is often essential to provide cloud-free composite over land surfaces. In this study, we proposed a cloud detection method that was very important to make cloud-free composite of GOCI reflectance and vegetation index. Since GOCI does not have SWIR and TIR spectral bands, which are very effective to separate clouds from other land cover types, we developed a multi-temporal approach to detect cloud. The proposed cloud detection method consists of three sequential steps of spectral tests. Firstly, band 1 reflectance threshold was applied to separate confident clear pixels. In second step, thick cloud was detected by the ratio (b1/b8) of band 1 and band 8 reflectance. In third step, average of b1/b8 ratio values during three consecutive days was used to detect thin cloud having mixed spectral characteristics of both cloud and land surfaces. The proposed method provides four classes of cloudiness (thick cloud, thin cloud, probably clear, confident clear). The cloud detection method was validated by the MODIS cloud mask products obtained during the same time as the GOCI data acquisition. The percentages of cloudy and cloud-free pixels between GOCI and MODIS are about the same with less than 10% RMSE. The spatial distributions of clouds detected from the GOCI images were also similar to the MODIS cloud mask products.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.138-147
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• 2016

As services for citizens' security and protection offered at the national and social levels become more widely recognized across society, the more frequent use of ambulances by patients with both minor and major injuries is being observed. However, the number of safety accidents during transport by ambulances, which are responsible for the prompt transport of patients, has been rising in tandem with the increase in their use. This is due not only to their inconspicuousness both on the road and in other environments where these vehicles are exposed, but also to the high chance of secondary accidents, putting the lives of both patients and emergency responders at risk. It is important to study and develop designs that guarantee protection against safety accidents, noting that ambulances are completely exposed and unprotected on the road on cloudy days and at night-time. In addition, by identifying colors and design motives that enhance the conspicuity of ambulances from a distance and increase their security, emergency responders and patients can be safely protected, the identity of the ambulances can be reinforced and modernized, and the sense oppression which can be visually imposed on patients in a psychologically unstable condition can be eased. Against this backdrop, this study presents the process involved in deriving the exteriors of ambulances in Korea, including their colors and patterns, by examining the established global best practices and identifying the need for more studies into colors, even unconventional ones, that improve their safety.