• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 공동학술발표회
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• pp.229-229
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• 2017

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2000

A series of pH/temperature sensitive polymers were synthesized by copolymerizing N-isopro-pyl acrylamide(NIPAAm) and acrylic acid(AAc) . The influence of polyelectrolyte between poly(allyl amine) (PAA) and poly(L-lysine)(PLL) on the lower critical solution temperature(LCST) of pH/temperature sensitive polymer was compared in the range of pH 2∼12. The LCST of PNIPAAm/water in aqueous poly(NIPAAm-co-AAc) solution was determined by cloud point measurements. A polyelectrolyte complex was prepared by mixing poly(NIPAAm-co-AAc) with poly(allyl amine) (PAA) or poly(L-lysine) (PLL) solutions as anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes, respectively. The effect of polyelectrolyte complex formation on the conformation of PLL was studied as a function of temperature by means of circular dichroism(CD). The cloud points of PNIPAAm in the aqueous copolymers solutions were stongly affected by pH, the presence of polyelectrolyte solute, AAc content, and charge density. The polyelectrolyte complex was formed at neutral condition. The influence of more hydrophobic PLL as a polyelectrolyte on the cloud point of PNIPAAm in the aqueous copolymer solution was stronger than that of poly(allyl amine)(PAA). Although polymer-polymer complex was formed between poly(NIPAAm-co-AAc) and PLL, the conformational change of PLL did not occur due to steric hinderance of bulky N-isopropyl groups of PNIPAAm.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2009

몬순 기간에 구름의 복사 강제력의 영향을 파악하기 위하여 1998년 4월부터 9월까지 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) 구름자료와 GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) 재분석 자료를 입력 자료로 복사 모델을 수행하여 3차원의 장파 복사 플럭스를 구하였다. 구름에 의한 대기 복사 가열은 구름을 포함한 평균 대기와 맑은 대기에서의 복사 가열율의 차이를 이용하여 계산하였다 구름에 의한 복사 가열율이 아시아 몬순에 미치는 영향을 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 구름에 의한 복사 가열은 인도양에서 최대를 티벳 고원에서 최소를 나타내어, 남북으로 차등 가열의 경도를 나타내었다. 이러한 차등 가열이 대기 순환의 최대 원인임을 고려해볼 때, 인도양과 티벳 고원에서의 구름에 의한 차등 가열의 경도는 해들리 타입의 남북 몬순 순환을 강화시키고 있다. 또한 운정에서의 가열, 운저에서의 냉각의 형태로 나타나는 구름의 복사 가열 분포는, 대기의 불안정성을 높여서 몬순 순환을 증대시킬 수 있는 역할을 하고 있다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1984

Polyethylene glycol 20, 000 and 6, 000 were found to have an upper consolute temperature, called "cloud point", and the effects of various additives on the polythylene glycols were investigated in this study. Electrolytes lowered the cloud point in proportion to their concentrations through dehydration and electrostriction. It was found that anions played a more important role than cations and the effects of both the cations and the anions clearly followed the classical Hofmeister series. However, the Schultze Hardy rule holds for the effect of anions, and fails for the effect of cations. Salts of large polarizable anions such as iodide and thiocynate rather raised the cloud point, and their effects were ascribed to the fact that they break the water structure and weaken hydrophobic bonding of the polyxyethylene moiety. Nitrates of polyvalent cations also raised the cloud point. This was ascribed to the complex formation between the polyvalent cations and ether oxygens of the polyoxyethylenes. This explained the failure 'of the Schultz-Hardy rule for cations. Uncharged aromatic compounds drastically lowered the clound point, while aliphatic alcohols slightly lowered the cloud point, This result suggests that there might be some interaction between ether oxygens and aromatic nucleus.c nucleus.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.1007-1010
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• 2006

This study investigates the spatial structure of the total cloud liquid water content Q fields over the Northwest Pacific Ocean during winter monsoon. The distributions of Q have been estimated from the brightness temperatures of the ocean - atmosphere system $T_B(f)$, where f is frequency, measured by AQUA AMSR-E in January -March 2003. Marine strati (St) and stratocumuli (Sc) are typical for winter monsoon season. They were analysed using mainly high-frequency channel at f = 36.5 GHz, vertical polarisation. $T_B$ data were accompanied by the data on near surface wind speed, air temperature and humidity from the nearest meteorological stations. Tow one-dimensional spectra were computed for downwind and crosswind sections of Q fields. The AMSR-E antenna field of view (14-8 km) and the cloud field sizes (100-1000 km) restricted the spatial scales. The results of case study Jan 31 2003 are presented. Scale-invariant spectrum is typical. In the cases of extended St levels a spectral slope equals about -1.7, conforming to classical -5/3 of turbulence theory. For Sc cases the absolute magnitude of spectral slope is rather higher, as a rule. The value is about -2. In the case when cloud streets are presented, a strait line form of spectrum is less reliable with a slope being rather lower (about -1.4).

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.599-604
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• 2012

Most air pollution and smog are a result of the burning of fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels also causes acid rain and global warming. So the need for solar energy utilization is increased. It is essentially important to make efforts to reduce usage of fossil energy resources. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between climatic elements(Cloud cover, Duration of sunshine, Temperature) and the photovoltaic power generation. Cloud cover of the correlation coefficient was 0.87. And duration of sunshine of the correlation coefficient was 0.93. The order of the correlation coefficient was duration of sunshine, cloud cover, temperature. To accurately analyze of the degree of correlation for the photovoltaic power generation, additional research about climatic elements that show a high correlation is needed.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.406-413
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• 2019

Red-Green-Blue (RGB) imagery techniques are useful for both forecasters and public users because they are intuitively understood, have advantageous visualization, and do not lose observational information. This study presents a novel RGB convective cloud product and its application to tropical cyclone analysis using Communication, Oceanography, and Meteorology (COMS) satellite observations. The RGB convective cloud product was developed using the brightness temperature differences between WV ($6.75{\mu}m$) and IR1 ($10.8{\mu}m$), and IR2 ($12.0{\mu}m$) and IR1 ($10.8{\mu}m$) as well as the brightness temperature in the IR1 bands of the COMS, with the threshold values estimated from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) radar observations and the EUMETSAT RGB recipe. To verify the accuracy of the convective cloud RGB product, the product was applied to the center positions analysis of two typhoons in 2013. Thus, the convective cloud RGB product threshold values were estimated for WV-IR1 (-20 K to 15 K), IR1 (210 K to 300 K), and IR1-IR2 (-4 K to 2 K). The product application in typhoon analysis shows relatively low bias and root mean square errors (RMSE)s of 23 and 28 km for DANAS in 2013, and 17 and 22 km for FRANCISCO in 2013, as compared to the best tracks data from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) in Tokyo. Consequently, our proposed RGB convective cloud product has the advantages of high accuracy and excellent visualization for a variety of meteorological applications.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2016

In this study, we examine future changes in surface radiation associated with cloud amount and aerosol emission over East Asia. Data in this study is HadGEM2-CC (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2, Carbon Cycle) simulations of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6/4.5/8.5. Results show that temperature and precipitation increase with rising of the atmosphere $CO_2$. At the end of $21^{st}$ century (2070~2099) relative to the end of $20^{st}$ century (1981~2005), changes in temperature and precipitation rate are expected to increase by $+1.85^{\circ}C/+6.6%$ for RCP2.6, $+3.09^{\circ}C/+8.5%$ for RCP4.5, $+5.49^{\circ}C/10%$ for RCP8.5. The warming results from increasing Net Down Surface Long Wave Radiation Flux (LW) and Net Down Surface Short Wave Radiation Flux (SW) as well. SW change increases mainly from reduced total Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and low-level cloud amount. LW change is associated with increasing of atmospheric $CO_2$ and total cloud amount, since increasing cloud amounts are related to absorb LW radiation and remit the energy toward the surface. The enhancement of precipitation is attributed by increasing of high-level cloud amount. Such climate conditions are favorable for vegetation growth and extension. Expansion of C3 grass and shrub is distinct over East Asia, inducing large latent heat flux increment.

• 대기
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Due to several difficulties, a number of Automatic Weather Systems (AWS) operated by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) are located on the rooftop so that the forming of standard observation environment to obtain the accuracy is needed. Therefore, the air temperature of AWSs on the synthetic lawn and the concrete of the rooftop is compared with the standard observation temperature. The hourly mean temperature is obtained by monthly and hourly mean value and the difference of temperature is calculated according to the location, the weather phenomenon, and cloud amount. The maximum and the minimum temperatures are compared by the conditions, such as cloud amount, the existence of precipitation or not. Consequently, the temperature on the synthetic lawn is higher than it on the concrete so that it is difficult to obtain same effect from ASOS, on the contrary the installation of AWS on the synthetic lawn seem to be inadequate due to heat or cold source of the building.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.394-406
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• 2023

In this study, a real-time surveillance system using Internet of Things technology is proposed for vaccine cold chains. This system fully visualizes vaccine transport and storage. It comprises a 4G gateway module, lowpower and low-cost wireless temperature and humidity collection module (WTHCM), cloud service software platform, and phone app. The WTHCM is installed in freezers or truck-mounted cold chain cabinets to collect the temperature and humidity information of the vaccine storage environment. It then transmits the collected data to a gateway module in the radiofrequency_physical layer (RF_PHY). The RF_PHY is an interface for calling the bottom 2.4-GHz transceiver, which can realize a more flexible communication mode. The gateway module can simultaneously receive data from multiple acquisition terminals, process the received data depending on the protocol, and transmit the collated data to the cloud server platform via 4G or Wi-Fi. The cloud server platform primarily provides data storage, chart views, short-message warnings, and other functions. The phone app is designed to help users view and print temperature and humidity data concerning the transportation and storage of vaccines anytime and anywhere. Thus, this system provides a new vaccine management model for ensuring the safety and reliability of vaccines to a greater extent.