• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Flammable substances, such as organic solvents, are commonly used in laboratories and industrial processes. The flash point of flammable liquid mixtures is a very important parameter for characterizing the ignition and explosion hazards, and the flash points of mixtures of $C_2{\sim}C_3$ alcohols and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured in the present study. The 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is an important component of gasoline and is frequently used in the petroleum industry as a solvent. Lower flash point data were measured for the binary systems {ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, {1-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}, and {2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane}. The flash point measurements were carried out according to the standard test method (ASTM D3278) using a Stanhope-Seta closed cup flash point tester. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated using Raoult's law and also following $G^E$ models: Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). These models were able to predict the experimental flash points for different compositions of {$C_2{\sim}C_3$ alcohols + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane} mixtures with minimal deviations. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point was less than 1.28 K. A minimum flash point behaviour was observed in all of the systems as in the many observed cases for the hydrocarbon and alcohol mixtures.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.25-30
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• 2017

Because of the vertical combustion characteristics of combustible substances, accurate substance safety information for their safe use, handling and transportation is essential. The flash point, fire point, explosion limits and autoignition temperature (AIT) are important safety parameters which need special attention in chemical plants and laboratories that handle dangerous materials. In this study, tert-butylbenzene which is widely used as an intermediate material in the chemical industry was selected. For the reliability of the flammable properties of tert-butylbenzene, this study was investigated the explosion limits of tert-butylbenzene in the reference data. The flash points, fire points and AITs by the ignition delay time for tert-butylbenzene were experimented. The lower flash points of tert-butylbenzene by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $39^{\circ}C$ and $44^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of tert-butylbenzene by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $51^{\circ}C$ and $54^{\circ}C$. And the fire points of tert-butylbenzene by the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were $54^{\circ}C$ and $58^{\circ}C$ respectively. The AIT of tert-butylbenzene measured by the ASTM 659E tester was measured as $450^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit of $39^{\circ}C$ which measured by the Setaflash flash point tester was calculated to be 0.68 vol%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-556
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• 2015

The usage of the correct combustion characteristic of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature (AIT) of DMAc was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of DMAc was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of DMAc by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $61^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of DMAc by using the Tag and Cleveland automatic open cup testers are measured $68^{\circ}C$ and $71^{\circ}C$. The AIT of DMAc by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $347^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $61^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.52 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.66-72
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• 2016

For the safe handling of Propionic Anhydride being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of Propionic Anhydride was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of propionic anhydride was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of propionic anhydride by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $60^{\circ}C$ and $61^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of propionic anhydride by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $67^{\circ}C$ and $73^{\circ}C$. The AIT of propionic anhydride by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $280^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $60^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.37 Vol.%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

The usage of the correct combustion characteristics of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of bromobenzene being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature (AIT) of bromobenzene was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of bromobenzene was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of bromobenzene by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $44^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of bromobenzene by using the Tag and Cleveland automatic open cup testers are measured $56^{\circ}C$ and $64^{\circ}C$. The AIT of bromobenzene by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $573^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $44^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.63 Vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

For the safe handling of isobutylalcohol(IBA), this study was investigated the explosion limits of isobutylalcohol in the reference data. And the lower flash points, upper flash points and AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. By using the literatures data, the lower and upper explosion limits of isobutylalcohol recommended 1.7 Vol% and 10.9 Vol.%, respectively. The lower flash point of isobutylalcohol by using Setaflash and Penski-Martens closed-cup testers were experimented $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower flash point isobutylalcohol by using Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were experimented $36^{\circ}C$ and $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, this study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 tester for isobutylalcohol. The experimental AIT of isobutylalcohol was $400^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

For the safe handling of isoamyl alcohol being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of isoamyl alcohol was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of isoamyl alcohol was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of isoamyl alcohol by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $31^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of isoamyl alcohol by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $43^{\circ}C$and $45^{\circ}C$. The AIT of isoamyl alcohol by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $419^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $31^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 0.87 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to conduct the study of the combustion and thermal characteristics through transportation oil for the analysis of fire hazard. Transportation oil breaks down into fuels such as diesel for civilian demands, gasoline, DF1(diesel for military), high sulfur diesel(for marine), kerosene and JP1(for aviation), and lubricants like brake fluid, power steering oil, engine oil, and automatic and manual transmission oil. The experiments of flash point, ignition point, flame duration time, heat release rate were carried out using TAG closed cup flash point tester(AFP761), Cleveland open cup auto flash point analyzer(AFP762), KRS-RG-9000 and Dual cone calorimeter. As a result, the fuel's ignition points were lower than lubricants, especially that of gasoline was not conducted as it has below zero one. Gasoline has the highest ignition point of about $600^{\circ}C$, while the other fuels showed $400{\sim}465^{\circ}C$. For flame duration time, lubricants had over 300 seconds, but fuels had less than 300 seconds except high sulfur diesel(350 seconds). Total heat release rate ranged $287{\sim}462kW/m^2$ for lubricants and gasoline showed the highest total heat release rate, $652kW/m^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2014

For the safe handling of aniline, this study was investigated the explosion limits of aniline in the reference data. And the lower flash points, upper flash points and AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. The lower flash point of aniline by using Setaflash and Penski-Martens closed-cup testers were experimented $66^{\circ}C$ and $73^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower flash point aniline by using Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were experimented $72^{\circ}C$ and $78^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, this study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 tester for aniline. The experimental AIT of aniline was $590^{\circ}C$. The calculated LEL and UEL by using the measured low flash point and upper flash point were 1.16 Vol.% and 8.36 Vol.%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

For the safe handling of 2-methyl-1-butanol being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of 2-methyl-1-butanol was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of 2-methyl-1-butanol was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of 2-methyl-1-butanol by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $40^{\circ}C$ and $44^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of 2-methyl-1-butanol by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $49^{\circ}C$ and $47^{\circ}C$. The AIT of 2-methyl-1-butanol by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $335^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $40^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.30 Vol.%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.