• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 1993

To find some involvement of environmental factors in autism, season of birth, birth order, and maternal age at birth of autistic children were investigated Total number of clinical outpatient autistic children was 357, which consisted of 319 male and 38 female, then male-to-female sex ratio was 8.4 to 1, and all subjects were born during $1986{\sim}1988.$ These data were compared with those of controlled general populations. The results were as follows : 1) In monthly and seasonal distributions of birth, autistic children were not different from normal control 2) Comparing with control group by Slater's and Greenwood-Yule's birth order calculation methods, there was no significant difference in birth order of autistic children 3) The maternal ages at birth in autistic group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<01) 4) High-risk pregnancies were significantly frequent in autistic group compared with control group(p<01)Our study supported the idea that at least some environmental factors, especially at-risk pregnancy, are involved in autism causation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1988

Follicular fluid(FF) prostaglandin $E_2$(PG$E_2$) and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ levels were compared in 3 groups of spontaneously ovulatory women undergoing ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate (CC) alone or with human menopausal gonadotropin(hMG) (14 patients), hMG(9 patients), or pure FSH/hMG(11 patients) for the purpose of in vitro fertilization. FF volume aspirated did not differ significantly according to the maturity of the oocyte. According to hyperstimulation regimens, the volume of FF from which preovulatory occytes were obtained was significantly less in the hMG-treated group than in the other groups. In follicles of preovulatory oocytes, FF PG$E_2$ values were significantly lower in the FSH treated group than in the Cc.treated or hMG-treated group, and FF $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ values were significantly higher in the hMG-treated group than in the CC-treated or FSH-treated group. In follicles of immature or atretic oocytes, there was no significant difference in FF PG$E_2$ and PG$F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations of the similar morphology of the oocyte according to hyperstimulation regimens. In all cycles, FF PG$E_2$ and PG$F_{2{\alpha}}$ values of preovulatory oocytes were not significantly different from those of immature oocytes, but those of atretic oocytes were relatively lower than those of fertilizable oocytes and it was statistically signifincant in PG$E_2$ values of CC-treated group. In all treatment groups, FF PG$E_2$ and PG$F_{2{\alpha}}$ levels did not show and close relationship with the success of fertilization in vitro and of pregnancy after embryo transfer. Above results suggested that FF PG$E_2$ and PG$F_{2{\alpha}}$ be involved in oocyte maturation and ovulation, but their relationship with the success of in vitro fertilization was not found.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.166-172
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• 2019

Objective: In vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes can be useful for some infertile patients. In IVM programs, the rates of embryo formation and pregnancy are low. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the main factors involved in regulating oocyte maturation in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and cumulus cell (CC) supplementation in IVM medium on the rates of embryo formation and viability of human blastocysts. Methods: A total of 80 germinal vesicle oocytes from stimulated cycles underwent an IVM program. The oocytes were divided into four groups, where group I consisted of IVM media only and served as the control, group II consisted of IVM+CCs, group III consisted of IVM+GDF9 (200 ng/mL), and group IV consisted of IVM+CCs+GDF9 (200 ng/mL). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed on the IVM oocytes, and the cleavage embryos that were generated were vitrified. Following thawing, the embryos were cultured for 3 additional days, and the viability rates of the developed blastocysts were determined. Results: The maturation rate of the oocytes did not differ significantly across the four groups. The fertilization rate in group II was significantly higher than that in the control group (76.5% vs. 46.2%). Embryo formation was significantly more frequent in all experimental groups than in the control group, while blastocyst formation did not show significant differences in the three experimental groups compared to the control. The mean viability rates in groups II, III, and IV were 58.16%, 55.91%, and 55.95%, respectively, versus 37.78% in the control group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of IVM culture media with GDF9 and CCs enhanced the fertilization, embryo formation, and viability rates of blastocysts generated from vitrified cleavage embryos.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of achondroplasia (ACH) diagnosed in fetuses or neonates and to evaluate the usefulness of a molecular genetic testing to confirm ACH. Materials and Methods: The medical and ultrasonographic records of 16 pregnant women, who had molecular genetic testing for ACH performed on their fetus or neonate at the Cheil General Hospital between February 1999 and April 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. Detection of G1138A and G1138C mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene was accomplished by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: Of the eight fetuses and two neonates who were suspected of having ACH during pregnancy, four fetuses and one neonate was confirmed to have ACH and they all carried the heterozygous G1138A mutation. Out of 6 cases which had a history of ACH in prior pregnancies, three had genetic information for the previous fetuses while the other three did not. All six fetuses had no mutations at G380R. However, the one fetus of pregnant woman with non-confirmed ACH showed shortened long bone on ultrasound thereafter and the fetus was identified as having oto-spondylo-megaepiphyseal dysplasia after birth. Conclusion: Korean patients with achondroplasia have the heterozygous G1138A mutation that is most commonly defined in other countries. Molecular genetic evaluations of ACH are helpful not only for establishing diagnosis but for appropriate counseling with subsequent pregnancies.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 1994

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVFET) often results in the production of more embryos than can be efficaciously transferred at one time. However, embryo cryopreservation provides a mechanism by which additional embryos can be stored for later thawing and transfer. From November, 1990 to October, 1992, we completed 42 transfer cycles of cryopreserved pronucleus(PN) l-cell embryos using the fixed protocol of hormonal replacement therapy in a physiological manner regardless of individual ovarian function. Artificial endometrial stimulation was performed with only exogenous estradiol and progesterone(E-P) in 36 transfer cycles (Group I) and with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist(GnRHa) and exogenous estradiol and progesterone(GEEP) in 6 transfer cycles(Group II ). The results were as follows. 1. The Survival rate of total cryopreserved-thawed embryos was 64.9%(198/305): 64.9% (172/265) in Group I and 65.0% (26/40) in Group II. 2. Total 168 embryos were transferred with an average of 4.7 per ET in Group I and total 26 embryos were transferred with an average of 4.3 per ET in Group II. 3. The pregnancy rate(PR) per cryopreserved-thawed ET and the implantation rate was 33.3 %(14/42) and 6.7%(13/194), respectively. The PRs per cryopreserved-thawed ET were 30.6% (11/36) in Group I and 50.0% (3/6) in Group II without significant difference. 4. The take home baby rate was 11.1%(4/36) in Group I and 33.3% (2/6) in Group II.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the effect of of transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and IVF outcomes and ovarian morphology according to pretreatment duration in poor responders. A total of 120 women were recruited for this pilot study. They were randomized into control, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks TTG treatment groups. For three TTG treatment groups, 12.5 mg TTG was applied daily for 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks in preceding period of study stimulation cycle. After 3 weeks of TTG pretreatment, significant increase of antral follicle count (AFC) and significant decreases of mean follicular diameter (MFD) and resistance index (RI) value of ovarian stromal artery were observed (p=0.026, p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The total dose of rhFSH administered for COS significantly decreased after 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment both compared with control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). The numbers of oocytes retrieved and mature oocytes were significanty higher in 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment groups than control group (p<0.001, p<0.001 in the number of oocytes retrieved; p<0.001, p<0.001 in the number of mature oocytes). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate were increased only in 4 weeks TTG treatment group compared with control group (p=0.030 and p=0.042, respectively). These data demonstrated that TTG pretreatment for 3 to 4 weeks increases AFC and ovarian stromal blood flow, thereby potentially improving the ovarian response to COS and IVF outcome in poor responders undergoing IVF/ICSI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Purpose: The outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA) infants especially in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs) are controversial. This study evaluated the mortality and morbidity of ELBWIs, focusing on whether or not they were also SGA. Methods: The medical records of 415 ELBWIs (birth weight<1,000 g), who were inborn and admitted to the Samsung Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit from January 2000 to December 2008, were reviewed retrospectively. Mortality and morbidities were compared by body size groups: very SGA (VSGA), birth weight ${\leq}$3rd percentile; SGA, 3rd to 10th percentile; and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, >10th percentile for gestational age. For gestational subgroup analysis, groups were divided into infants with gestational age ${\leq}24^{+6}$ weeks (subgroup I), $25^{+0}$ to $26^{+6}$ weeks (subgroup II), and ${\geq}27^{+0}$ weeks (subgroup III) Results: Gestational age was $29^{+2}{\pm}2^{+6}$ weeks in the VSGA infants (n=49), $27^{+5}{\pm}2^{+2}$weeks in the SGA infants (n=45), and $25^{+4}{\pm}1^{+4}$ weeks in AGA infants (n=321). Birth weight was $692{\pm}186.6$ g, $768{\pm}132.9$ g, and $780{\pm}142.5$ g in the VSGA, SGA, and AGA groups, respectively. Cesarean section rate and maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension were more common in the VSGA and SGA than in AGA pregnancies. However, chorioamnionitis was more common in the AGA group. The mortalities of the lowest gestational group (subgroup I), and also of the lower gestational group (subgroup I+II) were significantly higher in the VSGA group than the SGA or AGA groups (P=0.020 and P=0.012, respectively). VSGA and SGA infants showed lower incidence in respiratory distress syndrome, ductal ligation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage than AGA group did. However, by multiple logistic regression analysis of each gestational subgroup, the differences were not significant. Conclusion: Of ELBWIs, extremely SGA in the lower gestational subgroups, had an impact on mortality, which may provide information useful for prenatal counseling.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.447-456
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• 2001

We have recently demonstrated that the fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 caused a significant developmental toxicity in rats. The present study was conducted to determine whether the development toxicity induced by DW-116 treatment was the result of malnutrition fro reduced food intake or the direct effects of test chemical on conceptuses. The test chemical was administered by gavage to pregnant rats from gestational days 6 through 16 at dose levels of 0 and 500 mg/kg/day. A pair-feeding study was also performed in which the pregnant rats received the same amount of diet consumed by the DW-116-treated pregnant rats. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on day 20 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. In this treatment group, the maternal toxicities included increased abnormal clinical signs, decreased maternal body weight, suppressed body weight gain during treatment and posttreatment periods, and reduced food intake. The significant developmental toxicities included increased fetal deaths, decreased live fetuses, reduced fetal body weight and placental weight, increased incidence of fetal abnormalities, and increased fetal ossification delay. In this pair-fed group, however, slight maternal toxicities including decreased body weight and suppressed body weight gain during treatment period were observed in comparison with the control group, and minimal development toxicities including reduced fetal and placental weights and increased fetal ossification delay were found. The number of fetal deaths and live fetuses, and the incidences of malformed fetuses and litters with affected fetuses were comparable to the control values. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the development toxicity observed in the treatment group is attributable to the direct effects of Dw-116 treatment, but not to the maternal malnutrition from reduced food consumption during pregnancy.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2011

Existing organic UV protection materials seem to be problematic due to their penetration and irritation to skin. Inorganic UV protection materials are also at issue for safety of their nano-type transformation. Therefore, the recent studies of UV protection materials have been focused not only on the effectiveness but also on their safety. One of the UV protection materials in study which have higher safety is the organic-inorganic conjugation type UV protection material. Previously, we have reported the manufacturing process, physical property and UV protection efficiency of methoxychinnamidoprophy poloysilsesquixan as a new cross-linked polymer type UV protection material. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the methoxychinnamidoprophy poloysilsesquixan on embryo-fetal development in SD rats. This study is expected to show some definite information related to the effect on pregnancy or embryo-fetal abnormality in case of the clinical exposure of the methoxychinnamidoprophy poloysilsesquixan.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 1977

Breast cancer is one of the most feared health problems in women ; Recent studies revealed that it had come up to be the second most in this country and high prevalent disease in the western countries among breast disease in women. However, early detection of the cancer mass is known to be easier than in many other malignancies. This study was performed to investigate the various characteristics of patients of breast cancer ; by the structural variables, menstrual, marital, and child bearing, and also their understandings and attitude towards the disease. A hundred any in- and out- patients of 51. Mary's Hospital and National Atomic Institute, Seoul were sampled. Data were gathered through direct interview by the researcher from February 1976 to January 1977 and the clinical records were used as references. Results are as follows ; 1. Breast cancer revealed to be most prevalent in the forties ; average age of 45.2 years. 2. The average age of menarche revealed to be 15.4 years ; the largest group were the 16-20 years (N=75, 68.2%). In 55 cases (50%) menstruation were normal, 38 (34.5%) postmenopausal and only in 17 (15.5%), menstruation revealed irregularity. 3. The average marital age revealed to be 22.3 years ; the largest group were 21-25 group (N=43, 39.1%). The average duration of marital life revealed to be 24.7 years ; 11-20 years group were the largest (M=34, 30.9%). 4. Most of the patients revealed to have pregnancy experiences(N=100, 90.9%) ; the average rate of experience were 5, 3 times the largest group were 3.4 times group(N= 32, 29.1%). 54 patients (49.1%) revealed to have had abortion experience ; the average were 3.4 times. 5. The largest group(N=77, 70%) had been breast feeding : followed by mixed feeding (N=12, 10.9%) and artificial feeding(N=10, 9.1%). 6. Personal health history revealed that in 20 patients (18.2%) revealed to have the past history of Purulent mastitis, 5 patients(4.5%) of breast cancer and 3 patients(2.7%) of uttering cancer family history. 7. In the one half (N=56, 50.9%, they had some information about breast cancer :27 (24.5%) by mass media, 12 (10.9%) through personal contacts and 17 (15.5%) were not able to classify the source of information. 8. In 55 cases (50%) the canoe, mass were discovered incidentally, in 39 cases (35.5%) by manual detection by self, in 10 cases (9%) by others and in 6 cases(5.5%) by observing subjective symptoms. 9. The average duration lapsed between the discovery of cancer mass and the visit to the hospital revealed to be 9.4 month. Chief reason for the delay revealed to be the non-chaplaincy due to the absence of pain(N=50, 45.5 %) followed by the administration of herb and commercial medication (N=19, 17.3%). 10. The left side breast was more affected than the right side breast, represent by 60 cases in the left and 39 cases in the right. The most frequent site of the breast cancer was the upper- outer quadrant in 53 cases (47.7%), and followed by the center in 20 cases(18 %), and the upper inner quadrant, in 19 cases (17.1%). There was / cases of bilateral carcinoma. The most prominent symptom was painless mass.