• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.891-898
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• 2000

Objective : It is difficult to differentiate intramedullary spinal cord tumors preoperatively from non-neoplastic pathologies in patients presenting as non-compressive myelopathies in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). In this report, the authors reviewed nonneoplastic intramedullary spinal cord lesions preoperatively diagnosed as tumors and discussed their clinical and radiological characteristics and usefulness of surgical intervention. Methods : From January, 1985 to January, 1999, authors experienced eight non-neoplastic pathologies mimicking intramedullary spinal cord tumors and analysed their medical records, radiological findings and histopathological specimens retrospectively. Results : There were five males and three females and the duration of symptoms were from two to 20 months(mean, 9.8 months). The location of lesions were four cervical, one cervicothoracic and three thoracic. All patients manifested sensory abnormality, seven motor weakness, and six bladder symptom. All cases had swollen spinal cords and increased signal intensities in spin-echo sequences. Six cases showed contrast enhancement : four cases were focal and two diffuse. Under the impression of intramedullary tumors, the patients were operated upon. Final diagnoses on the base of clinical and pathologic finding were : three subacute necrotizing myelopathies, two multiple scleroses, two myelopathy of unknown etiology. One case showed no gross abnormality in surgical field in spite of adequate exposure of the lesion, so biopsy was not performed. In that case, postoperative MRI revealed spontaneous resolution of the lesion. Conclusion : MRI is invaluable diagnostic tool in screening myelopathies. However, its high sensitivity and lack of specificity make difficulty in preoperative differential diagnosis of non-compressive myelopathies. Although no surgical morbidity occurred in our series, we sometimes failed to confirm definite diagnosis even with biopsy. In such a circumstance, long-term follow up is needed.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2016

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and its pathogenesis is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism is key to understanding the pathogenesis of DN, which can develop in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A hallmark of this disease is the accumulation of glucose and lipids in renal cells, resulting in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, intracellular hypoxia, and inflammation, eventually leading to glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that dysregulation of 50 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays a principal role in cell growth and cellular energy homeostasis, in relevant tissues is a key component of the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; thus, targeting this enzyme may ameliorate some pathologic features of this disease. AMPK regulates the coordination of anabolic processes, with its activation proven to improve glucose and lipid homeostasis in insulin-resistant animal models, as well as demonstrating mitochondrial biogenesis and antitumor activity. In this review, we discuss new findings regarding the role of AMPK in the pathogenesis of DN and offer suggestions for feasible clinical use and future studies of the role of AMPK activators in this disorder.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2015

Usually fungal infections caused by opportunistic and pathogenic fungi had been an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. However clinical data and investigations for immunocompetent pathogenic fungal infections had been rare and neglected into clinical studies. Especially Cryptococcal brainstem abscess cases mimicking brain tumors were also much more rare. So we report this unusual case. This 47-year-old man presented with a history of progressively worsening headache and nausea for 1 month and several days of vomituritions before admission. Neurological and laboratory examinations performed demonstrated no abnormal findings. Previously he was healthy and did not have any significant medical illnesses. A CT and MRI scan revealed enhancing $1.8{\times}1.7{\times}2.0$ cm mass lesion in the left pons having central necrosis and peripheral edema compressing the fourth ventricle. And also positron emission tomogram scan demonstrated a hot uptake of fluoro-deoxy-glucose on the brainstem lesion without any evidences of systemic metastasis. Gross total mass resection was achieved with lateral suboccipital approach with neuronavigation system. Postoperatively he recovered without any neurological deficits. Pathologic report confirmed Cryptococcus neoformans and he was successively treated with antifungal medications. This is a previously unreported rare case of brainstem Cryptococcal abscess mimicking brain tumors in immunocompetent host without having any apparent typical meningeal symptoms and signs with resultant good neurosurgical recovery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.474-481
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• 1985

Pulmonary cavity is the result of necrosis of lung parenchyma with evacuation of the necrotic material via the tracheobronchial tree. A communication with the tracheobronchial tree permits air to enter the area of necrosis, so the radiologic result show the a lucent defect. The radiologic characteristics of the wall of a cavity are determined by the reaction of the lung parenchyma to the pathologic process. Therefore, the shadows of the chest films in cavitary lesion were variable in its nature. The author, in 42 cases which have a cavitary lesion in X-ray findings among 172 cases resected lung obtained in P.N.U.H. from 1979 to June, 1985, studied similarities and differences between the pathogenesis of these lesions and the radiologic findings. The author reviewed the 42 cavitary lesions and the following results were obtained. 1. The cavitary lesions were seen in 42 [24.4%] out of 172 cases of resected lung disease. 2. Histopathologically, pulmonary tuberculosis was 47.6% and primary lung cancer was 9.5%. 3. The most common site of the lesion was right upper lobe. 4. The most common size of the cavity was from 3 to 6 cm in diameter. 5. Lobectomy was the most common operated method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2023

It is critical to identify the ruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) for secondary prevention. However, there are rare cases unidentified on the radiological evaluation. We report on a patient with the delayed appearance of radiologically occult AVM as a probable cause of the previous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). An 18-year-old male patient presented with a right temporal ICH. The preoperative radiological examination did not reveal any causative lesions. Because of the intraoperative findings suggesting an AVM, however, only hematoma was evacuated. Disappointedly, there were no abnormal findings on postoperative and follow-up radiographic examinations. Eleven years later, the patient presented with an epileptic seizure, and an AVM was identified in the right temporal lobe where ICH had occurred before. The patient underwent partial glue embolization followed by total surgical resection of the AVM and anterior temporal lobe. Based on the literature review published in the era of magnetic resonance imaging, common clinical presentation of radiologically occult AVMs included headache and seizure. Most of them were confirmed by pathologic examination after surgery. In cases of the ICH of unknown etiology in young patients, long-term follow-up should be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.337-350
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• 2020

The clinical manifestation of pericardial disease is similar to that of coronary artery disease and aortic disease. Therefore, a timely and accurate diagnosis is necessary. The pericardium is a 2-layered membrane that envelops the heart and great vessels, and there are numerous anatomic variations and pathologic conditions. Large or unusually located pericardial recesses can be easily mistaken for abnormal findings. Additionally, primary pericardial diseases resulting from infections, tumors, and injuries are possible; further, diseases can quickly spread along the pericardium. Echocardiography is generally the first imaging tool used to evaluate the pericardium. However, it has limited windows and poor resolution. Besides, the evaluation of postoperative echocardiography is sometimes limited. Currently, CT and MR imaging are useful for evaluating pericardial diseases. Detailed knowledge of the pericardium is important for interpreting the images and clinical results.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1993.05a
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• pp.72-72
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• 1993

Among the various diagnostic methods for the voice disorders, video laryngo-stroboscopy is one of the most practical techniques for clinical examination of the vocal fold vibration. It provides valuable informations about the nature of vocal folds' vibration, the extent of pathologic change and data recording for analysis. To obtain the stroboscopic characteristics of several voice disorders, and apply those informations to the diagnosis and management of disorders, we reviewed the stroboscopic findings obtained from the patients with voice disorders at Voice laboratory, the Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics form April 1992 to March 1993.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.187-189
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• 2013

We report an unusual case of cerebral aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrage (SAH) with Fabry's disease. A 42-year-old woman presented with aneurysmal SAH originated from a saccular aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery. The patient was treated by an endovascular coil embolization of aneurysm. Postoperatively the patient recovered favorably without any neurological deficit. During her admission, the patient had a sign of proteinuria in urine analysis. The pathologic findings of kidney needle biopsy implied nephrosialidosis (mucolipidosis of lysosomal stroage disease), which is consistent with a Fabry's disease. It is uncommon that Fabry's disease is presented with aneurysmal SAH, especially in middle-aged patients, but could be a clinical concern. Further investigations are needed to reveal risk factors, vascular anatomy, and causative mechanisms of Fabry's disease with aneurysmal SAH.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.391-393
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• 2006

Dermoid cysts of the spinal canal are rare benign congenital tumors, accounting for $1{\sim}2%$ of all intraspinal tumors. We report a case of lumbar extramedullary cyst, combined with congenital sacral meningocele. The clinical features, characteristics on MRI, pathologic findings, and surgical treatment of such a rare extramedullary benign tumor is discussed with the relevant literature.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.106-109
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• 2023

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a late-onset myopathy that manifests as distinct muscle weakness in the quadriceps, finger flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. T-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia is a late-onset clonal disorder of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells that is often accompanied by autoimmune diseases. To date, the association between IBM and T-LGL leukemia has been infrequently reported. Here, we report a case of a patient with T-LGL leukemia who developed IBM, along with in-depth laboratory, electrophysiological, and pathologic findings.