• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2011

치과 방사선검사에 있어 두부 내의 흡수선량에 관한 평가를 하고자 인체모형팬텀 내부의 뇌하수체와 안구, 상악동, 악하선, 갑상선, 식도에 유리형광소자를 삽입하고 X-선을 조사하였다. 사용된 장치로는 Kodak 2200, Kodak 8000C dental radiographic systems과 computed tomography(Lightspeed VCT)이고 촬영조건은 임상에서 사용하는 인자와 동일하게 설정하였다. 이때 구내 X-선 검사의 경우 흡수선량은 0.02~2.47cGy로 가장 높게 측정된 곳은 상악 대구치 촬영 시 2.47cGy인 갑상선이었고 가장 낮은 곳은 하악 전치부 촬영에서 0.02cGy인 악하선이었다. 그리고 구외 X-선 검사의 경우 흡수선량은 세파로에서 0.36~3.44cGy, 파노라마에서 0.14~12.82cGy, 전산화단층촬영에서 8.17~253.63cGy 가장 높게 측정된 곳은 상악 CT 촬영 시 253.63cGy인 악하선이었고 가장 낮은 곳은 파노라마 촬영에서 0.14cGy인 안구이었다. 구외 X-선 검사가 구내 X-선 검사 보다 많은 흡수선량이 측정되었다. 특히 CT를 이용한 검사에서는 구내 촬영보다 100배 이상 높게 측정되었다. 따라서 구외 X-선 검사에 있어서 가이드라인을 제시하여야 하며 방사선에 의한 흡수선량을 줄이기 위한 노력이 요구된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.6055-6059
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• 2015

Background: Medication policy development in Thailand is continually promoting rational drug use. Letrozole, an endocrine therapy drug, is usually prescribed for post-menopausal status early and advanced stage breast cancer. After Ministry of Public Health announced Letrozole as compulsory licensed drug in 2009, more breast cancer patients can access to this drug at low cost especially those within universal coverage schemes. To ensure that Letrozole is rationally prescribed, the drug utilization study was conducted. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the appropriate use of Letrozole in breast cancer and the relationship between appropriate use and health benefit schemes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study to evaluate use of Letrozole in breast cancer patients was performed for six months between January - June 2010 in seven regional cancer hospitals, Thailand. All prescriptions of Letrozole were identified from pharmacy dispensing databases and prescription papers. A medical record review was also performed to evaluate appropriate use referring to the drug use evaluation criteria. The approved criterion of this study was referred from the guideline of Thai National Formulary version 2010. Results: There were 681 prescriptions of Letrozole for 254 breast cancer patients with an average age of $58.6{\pm}10.0years$. The patients in universal coverage scheme (UCS), civil servant medication benefit scheme (CSMBS) and social security scheme (SSS) were 77.7%, 18.5% and 8.7% respectively. 10.6% were prescribed Letrozole for the first time. Letrozole were prescribed by oncologists (82.8%). The average number of tablets per prescription was $58{\pm}10$. Calcium supplements were prescribed concomitant with Letrozole for 19.4%. To assess drug use evaluation criteria, 45 prescriptions were excluded because of uncompleted clinical data, 636 prescriptions were evaluated. The study showed 86 prescriptions (13.5%) with inappropriate use including 6 (0.9%) not prescribed for estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, 31 (4.9%) not prescribed for post-menopausal and 49 (7.7%) not prescribed for an appropriate duration. Appropriate use percentages in different health benefit schemes were similar, 85.7% of CSMBS, 86.4% of SSS and 86.7% of UCS. The relationship between health benefit scheme and appropriate use of Letrozole was not significantly different, ${\chi}^2$ (2, N = 636) = 0.081, p > 0.05. Conclusions: The study showed inappropriate use in breast cancer patients because of non-compliance with duration, menopausal status and hormone receptor requirements. To prescribe appropriate indication did not referred to the appropriate practice along the treatment. Drug use evaluation proved very useful for detecting the sign of inappropriate use and allows immediate feedback to the stakeholder for developing medication policy in the future. Importantly, there was no significantly difference in appropriate use of Letrozole across health benefit schemes.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.550-557
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the preferences and needs of typical Korean females adults for food and nutrition information provided by the mass media. Methods: A total of 343 females (77 in their 20s, 85 in their 30s, 88 in their 40s and 93 in their 50s) residing in the Seoul/Gyeonggido area was surveyed on general characteristics, main sources of food and nutrition information and needs for sources and contents of nutrition information. Results: The survey showed that typical Korean females obtained knowledge of food and nutrition mainly through the Internet (30.4%) and broadcasting (29.0%). Typical Korean females were interested in 'dietary management for weight control' (21.9%), 'the prevention and treatment of disease' (20.0%), 'food safety' (16.8%), 'proper dietary habits' (14.6%), 'cookery' (11.8%), 'functional foods' (9.6%), 'restaurant details' (3.5%) and 'life-cycle-specific dietary guideline' (1.6%). Needs for food and nutrition program forms on TV were 'educational programs' (34.3%), 'documentaries' (20.8), 'expert lecture-style' (13.0%), 'entertainment programs' (11.9%), 'expert conversation' (11.4%), 'news-style' (4.6%) and 'public campaign advertisements' (4.0%). On the Internet, 38.6% of the respondents preferred to get information provided by food and nutrition-related institutions (38.6%) while 26.1% preferred webtoons for nutritional information. The favored forms in mobile applications were 'monitoring their diets' (29.5%), 'data-based texts information' (21.4%), 'experts feedback' (20.6%), 'communities' (15.1%) and 'games' (13.1%). The rates of the preference to obtain information from experts such as nutritionists and dietitians and doctorsor dietitian turned reporters increased markedly with older ages. Conclusions: Since the mass media is a main source of food and nutrition information for the general public, the effectiveness and accuracy of the information provided should be enhanced by taking the needs of the public into account. The quality of information should be improved by involving more nutrition experts.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2020

국민의 의료수준 향상으로 CT 검사건수는 매년 증가되고 있는 추세이며, 이에 따라 연간 의료 방사선에 의한 피폭선량 또한 증가되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 CT 부위별 검사 시 노출되는 인체의 유효선량을 평가하고, 이로 인한 생애 암 귀속 위험도를 추정하고자 한다. 첫 번째로, CT 진단참고수준 가이드라인에서 제시하는 부위 중 5가지를 선정하였으며, CT 장치를 통해 각 검사 부위별로 노출되는 인체의 유효선량을 평가하였다. 두 번째로, 동일한 조건 내 ALARA-CT 프로그램을 이용하여 인체 장기 및 유효선량을 산정하였으며, 국내 DRL 수준과 비교하여 검사 프로토콜에 대한 적정성을 평가하였다. 세 번째로, CT 검사 시 노출되는 유효선량에 의한 생애 암 귀속 위험도(LAR)을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 검사 중 복부 다중시기 검사 시 21.18 mSv로 가장 높은 유효선량을 나타내었으며, 복부검사를 제외한 나머지 검사에서는 DRL 이하의 선량수준을 나타내었다. 동일한 조건 내 선량계산 프로그램을 이용한 유효선량 평가 결과, 각 검사별로 약 1.1 ~ 1.9배 이상 높은 결과를 나타내었으며, 장기선량의 경우 검사 부위에 근접한 장기일수록 산란선에 의해 높은 영향을 나타내었다. CT 검사 시 성인의 생애 암 귀속 위험도의 경우, 연령이 증가함에 따라 점차적으로 감소되는 양상을 보였으며, 성별에 따라 다소 상이한 결과를 나타내었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to characterize a toxicity of Polygalae Radix (PR) in F344 rats and to find a dose levels for the 13 weeks toxicity study. PR is well known as medicinal herb in many Asian countries for treatment of expectorant, tonic, tranquillizer, antipsychotic agent and functional diet for improving memory. However, there is insufficient background information on toxicological evaluation of PR extract to support its safe use. Therefore, we conducted toxicological evaluation of this drug in compliance with OECD and KFDA guideline in this study. The extract of PR was administered orally to F344 rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Each group was composed to five male and five female rats. In the result, there were no treatment PR-related adverse changes in food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, gross finding at necropsy, organ weight examination. Four males at 5000 mg/kg/day were found dead during the treatment period. These animals showed salivation. The cause of death is still under investigation. The animals treated at 500, 1000, 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day showed salivation and all animals at 5000 mg/kg/day exhibited lower body weight and cumulative weight gain in compared to those of control animals. Therefore, we recommend that a dose group of 3500 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment group in 13-week exposure study.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

항암 치료를 받는 환자들은 장기간의 안정적인 정맥확보를 위해 중심정맥 카테터 삽입이 점차 증가하는 추세로 장기간의 항암제 투여, 종합 비경구적 영양법, 반복적 혈액채취와 항생제 투여, 혈액 투석을 위해 시행되고 있다. 그중 주입구를 완전히 피하에 심는 피하매몰형 중심정맥포트(chemo-port)의 설치가 많이 시행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 항암치료를 받은 환자 중 중재적 방사선과에서 전형적인 카테터 끝이 열려 있는(non-valved) 포트와 새로운 형태의 카테터 끝이 닫혀 있는(valved) 포트를 삽입했던 환자를 대상으로 발생한 합병증이나 문제점에 관한 후향적 조사를 바탕으로 올바른 피하매몰 중심정맥 포트의 선택 및 관리, 해결 방안을 모색하고자 함이다. 2006년 1월부터 2010년 5월까지 피하매몰 중심정맥포트를 삽입한 438명을 대상으로 하였다. 이중 valved 포트를 삽입한 경우는 109명이었고 non-valved 포트를 삽입한 경우는 329명이었다. 포트의 사용상의 문제점을 의뢰한 56명 중 실제로 발생된 30명의 합병증이나 문제점을 valved. non-valved 포트로 나누어 비교 평가하였다. 포트 시술 후 valved 포트에서 문제점과 합병증이 11.93%, non-valved 포트에서 문제점과 합병증이 5.17% 발생하여 상대적으로 valved 포트에서 문제가 더 많이 발생하였다. Valve사용 유무에 따른 포트 사용 시 두께가 얇은 포트의 사용을 권장하고 시술시 환자 감염이 유발하지 않게 가이드라인을 설정해야 하며 시술이후에도 포트를 사용 시 전용바늘을 사용하고 사용 후 생리식염수의 의한 관 세척 등 포트관리에 체계적인 관리가 필요하다. 추가적인 문제점이 발생 시 원인을 찾아내어 해결책을 제시하고 향후 반복적인 합병증이나 문제점이 발생하지 않게 하여 포트 삽입술의 유용성과 안전성을 증대해야 한다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2005

Purpose: Submandibular gland tumor is rare, less than 6% of head and neck tumor. The purpose of this article is to analysis the clinical experience and treatment outcomes of malignant submandibular gland tumor, suggesting a guideline of management. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 26 patients who underwent operation for malignant submandibular gland tumor at Severence hospital between 1986 and 2004. Statistical analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method, log rank test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test using SPSS v12.0 for Windows. Results: They consisted of 18 males and 8 females whose median age was 47 years(range: 20-71). 10 cases of adenocystic carcinoma, 8 cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 4 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1 case each for acinic cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, adeno carcinoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Sialoadenectomy only was performed in 10 cases(36.5%) and sialoadenectomy with neck node dissection was performed in 16 cases(63.5%). Adjuvant radiotherapy was done in 22 cases(84.6%). 10 year disease free survival rate for malignant submandibular gland tumor was 63.1 % and 10 year overall survival rate for malignant submandibular gland tumor was 70.1%. In univariate analysis, prognostic factors affecting recurrence of malignant submandibular gland tumor was initially papable lateral neck node in physical examination and metastasis of lateral neck node in pathologic confirmation. The prognostic factors affecting survival of malignant submandibular gland tumor was tumor size, TNM stage, recurrence and type of recurrence. Conclusion: In this study, prognostic factors affecting recurrence of malignant submandibular gland tumor was initially papable lateral neck node in physical examination and metastasis of lateral neck node in pathologic confirmation. The prognostic factors affecting survival of malignant submandibular gland tumor was tumor size, TNM stage, recurrence and type of recurrence. To prevent recurrence and to improve survival, early diagnosis and aggressive surgery must be considered.

• 분석과학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 이미 허가되어 시판되고 있는 D제약의 "티로파주"(대조약, 염산티로프라미드로서 1mL당 16.67mg 함유)와 S제약의 "티램주"(시험약)이 생물학적으로 동등한지의 여부를 판정하고자 시행되었다. 두 제제를 건강한 성인 남자 16인의 지원자에게 라틴방격법에 따라서 근육 주사한 후, 고체-액체 추출법으로 추출하여, GC/MS로 티로프라미드의 혈장 중 농도를 측정하고 이로부터 최고 혈장중 농도 (Cmax), 최고 혈장중 농도 도달시간(Tmax), 혈장중 약물농도-시간 곡선하 면적(AUC)에 대하여 식품의약품안정청(이하 식약청이라 함)과 서울대학교 약학대학이 공동 개발한 분산분석 프로그램에 의하여 분산분석을 행하였다. 정량을 위한 검정 곡선의 상관계수는 $R^2=0.998$로 좋은 직선성을 나타내었고, 검출한계는 0.1ng/mL였다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 1999

Background: The current maximal recommended doses of lidocaine are 7 mg/kg with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine. But in clinical practice, sometimes more doses of lidocaine are required to produce adequate regional anesthesia. Method: Twenty-two healthy women patients were divided into two groups and pretreated with valium 5 mg p.o., morphine 5 mg i.m., and midazolam 2 mg i.v. before operation. Of these, 7 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine were given to 11 patients epidurally. Initial 3 ml of epinephrine mixed lidocaine was given as a test dose and remaining doses were given 5 ml/30 sec with 3 min intervals. Radial arterial blood were drawn at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min to measure plasma lidocaine concentrations. After confirming all of the peak plasma concentrations of 7 mg/kg lidocaine were absolutely under $5\;{\mu}g/ml$, the other 11 patients were given 10 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine epidurally and blood samplings were taken according to the same method of 7 mg/kg group. The peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach to $C_{max}$ ($T_{max}$), time to reach to $T_4$, maximal sensory block level, systemic toxicity, and vital sign changes were investigated. Result: $C_{max}$ was significantly higher in 10 mg/kg group ($5.1{\pm}1.3\;{\mu}g/ml$) than 7 mg/kg group($3.3{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$), but $T_{max}$ ($10.5{\pm}2.7$ min vs $10.9{\pm}3.1$ min) was not different. Time to reach $T_4$ was significantly shorter in 10 mg/kg group ($9.5{\pm}2.7$ min) than 7 mg/kg group ($12.7{\pm}3.2$ min) but maximal sensory block level ($T_{3.7{\pm}0.7}$ vs $T_{2.7{\pm}1.0}$) was not different. In four patients of 10 mg/kg group, peak plasma concentrations exceeded $5\;{\mu}g/ml$, but no systemic toxicities appeared. No significant vital sign changes were observed. Conclusion: The current maximal recommended doses of lidocaine, merely based on body weight are not always appropriate. Further studies are needed to determine more precise guideline of maximal doses that include various pharmacokinetic components.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

Ibudilast, 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine, is a nonselective inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). It preferentially inhibits PDE 3A, PDE4, PDE10 and PDE11 as well as a number of the other PDE families, albeit to a lesser extent. Ibudilast is used clinically to treat bronchial asthma and cerebrovascular disorders. Thes e clinical uses are based on the ability of ibudilast to inhibit platelet aggregation, improve cerebral blood flow and attenuate allergic reactions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ibudilast capsules, Ketas capsule (Handok Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Pinatos capsule (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The in vitro release of ibudilast from the two ibudilast formulations was tested using KP Apparatus method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, 23.31${\pm}$1.09 years in age and 70.45${\pm}$8.51 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single capsule containing 10 mg as ibudilast was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ibudilast in serum were determined using HPLC/UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and computer programs (Equiv Test and K-BE Test 2002) were utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Ketas, were 6.99%, -2.48% and 9.93% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.8791~log 1.1861 and log 0.8347~log 1.1199 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Pinatos capsule was bioequivalent to Ketas capsule.