• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.18-38
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• 2002

A previous study on the model coatings based on latex-bound plastic pigment coatings (1) has been extended to latex-bound No. 1 clay, ultra-fine ground calcium carbonate (UFGCC), and clay-carbonate pigment mixture coatings, which are being widely used in the paper industry. The latex binder used was a good film-forming, monodisperse S/B latex or 0.15$\mu\textrm{m}$. No. 1 clay was representative of plate-like pigment particles, whereas UFGCC was of somewhat rounded rhombohedral pigment particlel. Both of them had negatively skewed triangular particle size distributions having the mean particle suet of 0.7${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$, respectively. Their packing volumes were found to be 62.5% and 657%, respectively. while their critical pigment volume concentrations (CPVC's) were determined to be 52.7% and 50.5% ( average of 45% caused by the incompatibility and 55.9% extrapolated) by coating porosity, respectively. Each pigment/latex coating system has shown its unique relationship between coating properties and pigment concentrations, especially above its CPVC. Notably, the clay/latex coating system hat shown higher coating porosity than the UFGCC/latex system at high pigment concentrations above their respective CPVC's. It was also found that their coating porosity and gloss were inter-related to each other above the CPVC's, as predicted by the theory. More interestingly, the blends of these two pigments have shown unique rheological and coating properties which may explain why such pigment blends are widely used in the industry. These findings have suggested that the unique structure of clay coatings and the unique high-shear rheology of ground calcium carbonate coatings can be judiciously combined to achieve superior coatings. Importantly, the low-shear viscosity of the blends was indicative of their unique packing and coating structure, whereas their high-shear rheology was represented by a common mixing rule, i.e., a viscosity-averaging. Transmission and scanning electron and atomic force microscopes were used to probe the state of pigment / latex dispersions, coating surfaces, freeze fractured coating cross-sections, and coating surface topography. These microscopic studies complemented the above observations. In addition, the ratio, R, of CPVC/(Pigment Packing Volume) has been proposed as a measure of the binder efficiency for a given pigment or pigment mixtures or as a measure of binder-pigment interactions. Also, a mathematical model has been proposed to estimate the packing volumes of clay and ground calcium carbonate pigments with their respective particle size distributions. As well known in the particle packing, the narrower the particle size distributions, the lower the packing volumes and the greater the coating porosity, regardless of particle shapes.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2022

Sri Lanka has four types of mural painting styles; Classic, Late Classic, Kandyan, and Southern styles, but there is little research on scientific analysis for mural paintings. In this study, we analyze white, yellow, and red clay pigments which were collected from ancient producing sites. Analyzing pigment samples shows that samples are containing aluminum oxide(Al₂O₃) and silicon dioxide(SiO₂) which are connected to the soil. And a degree of iron oxidation determines yellow or red colors. To understand the characteristics of clay pigment samples, we go over previous pigment analyses of mural paintings in Sri Lanka. Kaolin is identified after the 17^th century, yellow and red ochre are applied in early periods, Classic and Late Classic styles. The change in raw materials of pigments occurred in the 17^th century.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The effects of several factors including organic pigment blending and calending conditions on the surface and optical properties of coated paper were investigated. When clay and calcium carbonate are blended in the ratio of 7 to 3, highest smoothness and relative sediment volume were obtained. When organic pigments were added to the mixture of clay and calcium carbonate, the relative sediment volume did not changed significantly. However, when organic pigments were added to calcium carbonate, sheet gloss and smoothness were improved, and showed the better results than that obtained from the mixture of organic pigment and clay. When organic pigment is blended with clay, the particles of organic pigment are buried in the packing structure of coating layer. However, the particle shape of calcium carbonate is quite different from that of clay, and the aspect ratio of calcium carbonate is similar to that of organic pigment. Thus organic pigment particles are not buried and improved effectively the physical characteristics of coating layer. When the hollow sphere pigment was blended, opacity and sheet gloss were improved significantly. Even though the coating color applied was reduced, the similar level of opacity was maintained. Also, if particle size and void volume are increased, gloss is improved, because coating layer is easily transformed in calendering. Therefore, even though lower pressure was applied during calendering, the smoothness of surface of coating layer was improved, and the decrease of void volume in coating layer was reduced, and the quality of coated sheet can be improved.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2012

동관왕묘(보물 제142호)는 조선시대(1602)의 건축물로서 관우, 장비, 우장군, 주창 및 조자룡 등의 소조상이 안치되어 있다. 이 소조상들의 채색층은 먼지 등 무기오염물로 인해 안료의 원색이 손상되었으며, 수차례의 보수 및 덧칠로 인해 원형이 훼손되어 있다. 소조상의 채색안료에 대한 정밀분석을 위해 X-선 회절분석, SEM-EDS, P-XRF 및 색도 측정을 실시한 결과, 적색과 갈색의 안료는 진사, 석간주, 연단이며, 연적색은 석고를 첨가하여 조색하였다. 흑색과 금색은 각각 흑연과 금(Au)박이 사용되었으며, 녹색 안료에서는 공작석, 염화동 및 해록석이 동정되었다. 매우 선명하게 발색된 청색은 현대 안료로 보채한 것으로 판단되며, 백색은 백악, 석고, 연백이 모두 검출되었다. 석황과 밀타승은 각각 황색과 연황색 채색에 사용되었다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제2권
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• pp.69-76
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• 2000

본 연구는 동남해안 및 도서지방의 신석기시대 주칠토기 23점에 대한 과학적 분석의 일환으로서 먼저 태토성분, 소성온도, 안료성분 및 안료두께를 분석한 데에 이어 태토성분에 대한 통계적인 고찰 및 경도분석을 통한 안료성분의 역할을 보강하여 재정리한 것이다. 유도결합플라즈마분광기(ICP-AES)와 엑스선형광분석기(XRF)를 사용하여 태토의 성분분석을 실시하였고, 이 분석결과에 대한 다변량해석(PCA : 주성분분석법)을 수행한 결과, 토기의 태토는 범방, 욕지도, 나머지 지역의 3개 군으로 분류되었다. 또 태토와 안료의 경도를 토기 표면으로부터 깊이별로 측정한 결과, 산화철이 다량 포함된 안료층의 경도가 태토층보다 높았고 이를 통해 산화철이 고온소성시 경도를 크게 하는 역할을 했음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 안료층의 경도가 태토층 보다 높은 것은 안료층도 소성되었음을 의미하는 것으로, 토기성형시 안료를 먼저 바른 후 토기가 구워졌음을 유추해 볼 수 있다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.497-506
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• 2017

고문헌에 기록된 산지 정보를 바탕으로 현지조사를 실시하고, 조사결과를 바탕으로 강원도, 경상도 지역 등에서 총 6개의 시료를 확보하였다. 확보된 시료를 대상으로 수비를 통해 백토안료를 제조하고, 물성 및 기능성 평가를 실시하였다. 백토안료의 주요 구성광물을 분석한 결과, YBW, HBW, MCW는 석영, 장석 등으로 이루어져 있으며, SGW, HOW, HGW는 카올리나이트, 일라이트 등의 점토광물이 주 구성광물을 이루는 것으로 확인되었다. 백토안료 HGW는 색도에서 가장 높은 92.9의 $L^*$값을 보였고, HOW와 HGW는 각각 94.1%, 89.6%의 높은 은폐율을 나타냈으며, 270.3 mm와 223.3 mm의 우수한 발림성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 전체적으로 카올리나이트, 일라이트 등이 주요 구성광물을 이루는 HGW, HOW, SGW의 경우, 색도, 은폐력, 발림성 등에서 우수한 특성을 보였으며, 단청용 백색안료로서 활용가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

In this experiment, we used different addition ratio of the pigment and straw, to improve the decorative effect of the finishing touch while finding the kinds of clay colors taking on many sophisticated images, through the comparison between the various colors and textures of the surface. (1) To test the plaster material, added were the pigment of Red, Yellow, Black, and Green by the percentages of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5, respectively, followed by the analysis of the color changes of the plaster material using the Photoshop (RGB). The results showed the bigger the addition ratio of the red color is, the higher the numeral values of RGB after it dried. However the brightness after drying didn't showed a big difference depending on the addition ratio. With the addition of the yellow pigment, the color difference between after and before drying was bigger in the order of Blue, Green and Red; the brightness increasingly rose while the saturation changed little. (2) When we scratched the plaster surface with U and V shape carving knives, the U knife didn't make a clean shape digging around the clay plaster material but with smooth textures, while the V knife made a clean cut, which represents its readily use in terms of the decorative function of the clay plaster. (3) In an experiment the surface texture was tested with different lengths and additions ratio of the straw, addition of 2cm straw by 1, 2, and 3% presented the most appropriate surface of the plaster.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2001

The main objective of this study was to investigate effects of pigment mixed with different ratio on the double coated paper. Mineral pigments such as clay and ground calcium carbonate(GCC) as well as hollow sphere plastic pigment were used to evaluate the physical, optical properties and printabilities of double coated paper. The physical properties such as gloss and smoothness, and the printability(ink gloss) of double coated paper were measured to evaluate the effects of the bottom layer on improving the properties of top layer. The data indicated that the usage of hollow sphere plastic pigment for the bottom layer coating improved the surface properties of double coated paper, and that ink gloss was significantly influenced by the structure of bottom layer even when hollow sphere plastic pigment was used for the bottom layer coating.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2013

서울 동관왕묘(보물 제142호) 소조상은 균열, 박리, 박락 및 탈락 등의 물리적 훼손과 먼지 오염물, 색상별 안료의 부분변색 등 손상이 발생하였다. 초음파 측정을 통해 소조상 내부의 물리적 훼손상태를 확인한 결과, 우장군 전면 하단부에서 가장 낮은 저속도대가 나타났다. 안료층의 결함상태는 적외선열화상 조사를 통해 정량적으로 평가하였으며, 박락부분에서 고온영역이 확인되었다. 감마선과 적외선 TV 촬영, 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과, 소조상은 목심으로 기초를 만들고 연결부위는 가는 철사를 이용하여 고정하였다. 고정된 목심은 새끼줄로 밀착 후 소조토로 성형하였다. 소조토는 균열과 탈락방지를 위해 볏짚을 혼합하였으며, 한지와 면섬유를 덧발라 안료층과 구분한 것으로 나타났다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

In this experiment the effects of the packing structure of pigment on the surface characteristics (smoothness and gloss) of coated paper are studied. Four different kinds of inorganic pigments(clay), ground calcium carbonate(GCC), two of precipitated calcium carbonates(PCC), and two organic pigments(solid bead and hollow type) were used. The method of measuring the relative sediment volume(RSV) was used to analyze the packing structure of coating layer. The relative sediment volume was measured, using the pressure dewatering dry-cake method(PDDM) and centrifuge method. Also, the particle size distribution of coating pigment was determined. The results showed that small amount of organic pigment, added to inorganic pigment, improved smoothness and its effect was greater when GCC was used as inorganic pigment. The efficiency of organic pigment depended upon the inorganic pigment since the organic pigment is packed in the pores formed by the inorganic pigment.