• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.134-145
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• 2001

Introduction: Noises in the ear, whether real or imagined, are called tinnitus. Subjective causes of tinnitus(which is heard only by the patient) are extremely common and the majority of them are treated conservatively. For certain individuals their tinnitus is a major handicap; for others a trivial concern. The most common from of subjective tinnitus is a rushing, hissing or buzzing noise; it is frequently associated with sensorineural heanng loss. The patient may be unaware of the hearing loss, especially if it is a high frequency deficit of moderate severity. The character of the tinnitus may give a clue to the etiology. But the patient often has difficulty in explaining his/her tinnitus in absolute terms, as they have no other tinnitus with which to compare it but their own Tinnitus, like pain, is a subjective state and trying to objectively assess the severity is problematic. Audiological techniques to match subjective loudness to machine-produced noise may offer some help, in that sound intensity matches can bear little correspondence to subjective complaint. In spite of many studies, most patients presently seen complaining of tinnitus are told by their doctors that there is no treatment and that they will have to learn to live with this symptom. Objectives: To perform a clinical analysis of tinnitus and estimate the efficacy of Oriental Medical treatment according to the Byeonjeung(辨證). Subject: We studied 34 patients with complaints of tinnitus who had visited Pundang Cha Oriental Medicine Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology from March 1998 to February 2000. All of them had been treated 2 or 3 times a week with acupuncture treatment and had taken herbs according to the Byeonjeung(辨證) method. It was therefore possible for me to know whether their symptoms improved or not. Parameters Observed and Method: We treated them with acupuncture & herb-medication. Sometimes we gave them moxibustion or negative therapy with bloodletting at the acupuncture points(耳門, 聽宮, 聽會). Parameters Observed 1) Distribution of age & sex 2) Chief complaints 3) The sites of tinnitus 4) The quality of tinnitu 5) The duration of disease 6) The problem induced tinnitus 7) Factors increasing disease severity 8) The classification of the Byeonjeung(辨證) 9) The efficacy of treatments Results: 1. Age and sex distribution: The most common occurrence was found in males in their twenties: 6 males($17.7\%$), and in females in their thirties and over sixty: 8 females($23.5\%$). Total patient numbers for men and women were 20 men($58.8\%$), 14 women ($41.2\%$). 2. The most frequent major complaints were hearing disturbances related to tinnitus; and dizziness with tinnitus; each comprising 10 cases($29.4\%$). There were also 7 patients($20.6\%$) with only tinnitus. 3. Tinnitus sites: 13($38.2\%$) said that they felt tinnitus in both ears, equally. In the right ear, 9($26.5\%$), in the left, 6($17.7\%$). 4. The most frequent descriptive symptoms of tinnitus were: humming, hissing, buzzing etc. 5. The duration of disease. 14cases($41.2\%$) had a duration of less than 1 year. 6. 15cases($44.1\%$) complained that it was hard to watch TV or make a phone call because of tinnitus. 10 cases($29.4\%$) complained about depression. 7. Factors increasing severity of tinnitus: ⅰ) fatigue: 18cases($52.9\%$) ⅱ) stress/ tension: 10 cases($29.4\%$) ⅲ) alcohol and tobacco: 5cases($l4.7\%$) 8. Classification through Byeonjeung : ⅰ) 19 cases($55.9\%$) were classified as showing Deficiency syndrome. ⅱ) 15 cases($44.l\%$) were classified as showing Excess syndrome. The deficiency of Qi was 7($20.6\%$), deficiency of Xue, 8($23.5\%$) and insufficiency of the Kidney Yin & Yang, 4($11.8\%$). The flare of Liver fire was 8($23.5\%$) and phlegm-fire, 7($20.6\%$), 9. The efficacy of treatments showed: an improvement in 17cases($50.0\%$); no real improvement or changes in 13 cases($38.2\%$); and some worsening in 4 cases($11.8\%$). In the group with deficiency in Qi, 4($57.1\%$) improved, 1($14.3\%$) showed no change and 2($28.6\%$) were aggravated. In the cases of deficiency in Xue, 6($75.0\%$) improved, 2($25.0\%$) showed no change. In the cases of insufficiency of Kidney Yin & Yang, 3($75.0\%$) showed no change and 1($25.0\%$) were aggravated. In the group of flare of Liver fire, 4($50.0\%$) improved, 3($37.5\%$) no change and 1($12.5\%$) were aggravated. In the cases of phlegm-fire, 3($42.9\%$) improved, 4($57.1\%$) showed no change. Conclusion: We would recommend that any further studies of tinnitus utilize trial treatments of longer than 2 months duration, as any positive effects observed in our study showed that improvement occurred fairly slowly. And we suggest that this study could be utilized as a reference for clinical Oriental Medical treatment of tinnitus. If we try to apply music or sound therapy treatment properly combined with ours, we expect it to provide psycological stability in addition to inducing masking effects, even though it may not directly decrease or completely remove tinnitus.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1999

Recently, a second generation composite resin system(ceromer) was introduced with significantly improved mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to compare a ceromer with the other restorative materials and to assess its clinical usefulness. In this study, we used four restorative materials : amalgam (BESTALOY$^{(R)}$), indirect composite resin (Clearfil CR Inlay$^{(R)}$), ceromer (Targis$^{(R)}$) and ceramic (Vintage$^{(R)}$). And then we devided into four groups. The materials of each group were as follows : Amalgam group : BESTALOY$^{(R)}$ (Dong Myung Dental Industrial Co.) Composite Resin group : Clearfil CR Inlay$^{(R)}$ (Kuraray) Ceromer group : Targis$^{(R)}$ Dentin (Ivoclar-Vivadent) Ceramic group : Vintage$^{(R)}$ (Shofu Inc.) According to the above classification, we made samples through the polymerization of BESTALOY$^{(R)}$, Clearfil CR Inlay$^{(R)}$ and Targis$^{(R)}$ with separable cylindrical metal mold and firing of Vintage$^{(R)}$ in a investment mold. And then, we measured and compared the value of compressive strength, diametral tensile strength and Vicker's microhardness of each sample. The results were as follows : 1. Amalgam showed the highest value of compressive strength (390.37${\pm}$42.22MPa) and the value of ceromer was somewhere between ceramic and indirect composite resin. There were significant differences among the experimental groups(p<0.001). 2. Indirect composite resin showed the highest value of diametral tensile strength (74.21${\pm}$15.33MPa) and there was no significant difference with ceromer. Ceromer was higher diametral tensile strength than amalgam and ceramic (p<0.001). 3. Ceramic showed the highest value of microhardness (538.44${\pm}$37.38Hv) and the value of ceromer was somewhere between ceramic and indirect composite resin. There were significant differences among the experimental groups (p<0.001).

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2015

Purpose: We investigated comparison of clinical characteristics and prognosis by initial endoscopic severity in caustic injury and then discussed predisposing factors which can be helpful in predicting the prognosis and determining the treatment. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of medical records from patients over the age of 15, who underwent initial endoscopy for caustic injury from April 2007 through November 2014. Patients were classified according to two groups based on the initial endoscopic finding by Zargar's classification: patients with grade 0, I, IIa at esophagus (low risk group) and patients with grade IIb, IIIa, IIIb at esophagus (high risk group). The two groups were then compared. Results: A total of 55 patients were included (low risk group [n=44] vs. high risk group [n=11]). Old age (p<0.001), large amount of ingestion (p<0.05), oropharyngeal symptoms (p<0.01), high SOFA score (p<0.001), high WBC count (p<0.05), low base excess (p<0.01), and HCO3 (p<0.05) were statistically significant factors in the high risk group. A poor prognosis was observed for hospital stay (p<0.001), ICU admission (p<0.001), mortality (p<0.01), and stricture (p<0.001) in the high risk group. Conclusion: Clinical characteristics including age, amount of ingestion, oropharyngeal symptoms, SOFA score, WBC count, base excess, and $HCO_3$ can be helpful in the decision to undergo initial endoscopy and risk assessment by initial endoscopic severity can be helpful in predicting prognosis and determining the treatment plan.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

Colorectal carcinoma is occurred frequently to Korean and so ranked the fourth from various cancers. Due to western dietary life, this cancer has been increased continually. Therefore, the study will be needed to find a candidate gene involved in the development and progression of colorectal carcinoma and to diagnose and treatment helpfully. The striking feature from cancer suppressor genes is known for LOH (loss of heterozygosity), which is the method to find allele genetic loss or mutation of cancer cell. The purpose of this study was designed to find a carcinogenic gene from colon cancer using microsatellite marker on 17th and 18th chromosome from 30 subjects. The LOH was investigated in order of D18S59 57% (17/30), TP53CA 50% (15/30), D18S68 47% (14/30), D18S69 43% (13/30). The genetic mutation depends on loci of colorectal carcinoma was shown higher with 2.44 from colon cancer than with 1.25 from right colorectal carcinoma (p<0.032). The genetic mutation with lymph nodes was investigated higher with 2.69 at mutated group than with 1.14 at non-mutated group (p<0.003). At genetic mutated pattern depends on disease stage, there was higher significant difference at III-IV stage 2.50 than that of I-II stage 1.17, respectively (p=0.015). There was no difference at comparison between histological classification and serological CEA increase. The loss on 18q21 found in this study is highly recurrence loci and was observed 43% for Korean with high recurrence. Therefore, LOH is a very useful tool to detect 18q21 loci in clinical application, prior to the treatment of colorectal carcinoma. After the operation of colorectol carcinoma, the efficient application using LOH at operated part tissue which is designed to protect the recurrence as well as its cure will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권49호
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• pp.310.1-310.11
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• 2018

Background: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common community-acquired bacterial infections. Recent increases of antimicrobial resistance in urinary pathogens might have changed the other epidemiologic characteristics of APN. The objective of this study was to describe the current epidemiology of APN in Korea, using the entire population. Methods: From the claims database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea, the patients with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes N10 (acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis) or N12 (tubulo-interstitial nephritis, neither acute nor chronic) as the primary discharge diagnosis during 2010-2014 were analyzed, with two or more claims during a 14-day period considered as a single episode. Results: The annual incidence rate of APN per 10,000 persons was 39.1 and was on the increase year to year (35.6 in 2010; 36.7 in 2011; 38.9 in 2012; 40.1 in 2013; 43.8 in 2014, P = 0.004). The increasing trend was observed in both inpatients (P = 0.014) and outpatients (P = 0.004); in both men (P = 0.042) and women (P = 0.003); and those aged under 55 years (P = 0.014) and 55 years or higher (P = 0.003). Eleven times more women were diagnosed and treated with APN than men (men vs. women, 6.5 vs. 71.3), and one of every 4.1 patients was hospitalized (inpatients vs. outpatients, 9.6 vs. 29.4). The recurrence rate was 15.8%, and the median duration from a sporadic episode (i.e., no episode in the preceding 12 months) to the first recurrence was 44 days. The recurrence probability increased with the number of previous recurrences. The average medical cost per inpatient episode was USD 1,144, which was 12.9 times higher than that per outpatient episode (USD 89). Conclusion: The epidemiology of APN in Korea has been changing with an increasing incidence rate.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.581-585
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• 2001

Objectives : Criteria for evaluating the results of treating low back pain vary widely. We examined the methods measuring the outcome in the papers of Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. Methods : We selected all published articles describing the methods measuring the outcome of low back pain in the journal. They were classified into 3 periods such as period 1 for volume 1-20, 2 for volume 21-25, and 3 for volume 26-28. Results : There are 25 articles in period 1, 44 in period 2, and 30 in period 3. The outcome was classified into 0 to 5 classes by more than 15 different methods. Although the terms and descriptive criteria differ, 4 classes were the most common classification, being 16 in period 1, 39 in period 2, and 19 in period 3. The outcome was usually measured by authors' own method in period 1. In period 2, criteria by Gill et al was most commonly used along with many different criteria. Criteria by Prolo et al became a common method in period 3. Conclusion : Varying methods compromised comparative analyses of outcome. A more simple and universally applicable criteria is necessary to facilitate comparisons among various methods of treatment.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2007

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand preferences of patients who had visited the Dept. of Ophthalmology Otolaryngology & Dermatology Method : We conducted questionnaire survey on the patients who had visited the Dept. of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology Hospital of Dong Shin University from March to September, 2007. Result : The result were as follows. 1. Distribution of sex: male 41 % female 59% 2. The age distribution of patients showed highest in 30-39 years(23%), followed by 20-29 years, 40-49 years in order. 3. The classification of patients according to disease: Skin disease (38%), Nose (23%), Face (10%), Eye (9%), Throat (8%), Ear (7%) 4. Other offices patients visited before coming to this clinic: Local clinic (41%). Hospital (18%), Oriental clinic or hospital (5%), None (22%) 5. The length of time the patient has had the disease: 2years (26%), more than 3years (15%), 2-4weeks (13%), 6months (11%), 1year (10%) in order 6. The expected length of treatment: 1week (21%), 2week (12%), 1month (21%) 7. 26% expected about 100,000 won as medical expenses. 8. 88% of the patients are willing to have a check-up when it needed and 40% expected about 50,000 won as check-up expenses. 9. 52% of the patients are not willing to withstand pain, and would rather heal slowly. 10. 69% of the patients said that treatment would be affected by company(44%), school(19%) and business(16%). 11. 73% of the respondants are positive about night-time treatment and 92% is positeve about making an appointment for the treatment. Conclusion : Through the research, we could understand preferences of patients who had visited Dept. of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study was to introduce our surgical experiences of scoliosis and to evaluate the effectiveness of anterior correction and fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods : Between August 2004 and August 2007, four patients with AIS were treated with anterior segmental fusion and fixation at our hospital. Mean follow-up period was 9 (6-12) months. The average age was 14.0 (13-15) years. According to Lenke classification, three patients showed Lenke 1 curve and one patient with Lenke 5 curve. Single rod instrumentation was performed in one patient, dual rod instrumentation in one patient and combined rod instrumentation in two patients. Coronal Cobb measurements were performed on all curves in thoracic, thoracolumbar and, lumbar spine and the angle of hump was measured by a scoliometer pre- and postoperatively. Results : The average operative time was 394 minutes (255-525) with an average intraoperative blood loss of 1,225 ml (1,000-1,700). The mean period of hospital stay was 19.3 days and there was no complication related to the surgery. The mean Cobb angle was reduced from $43.3^{\circ}$ to $14.8^{\circ}$ (65.8% correction) postoperatively and the rib hump corrected less than $5^{\circ}$. All patients and their parents were satisfied with the deformity correction. Conclusion : Anterior spinal correction and fusion of AIS with Lenke 1 and 5 curve showed excellent deformity correction without any complications. In particular, we recommend anterior dual rod instrumentation because of mechanical stability, better control of kyphosis, and a higher fusion rate.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the dominance and distribution of weed species in organic and conventional paddy fields. The organic paddy fields were maintained for organic farming for more than five years in Anseong, Gyeonggi province of Korea. According to the Braun-Blanquet method, 42 and 36 weed species were found in the organic paddy fields in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while 38 and 36 weed species were found in the conventional paddy fields in 2015 and 2016, respectively. As a result of two years' survey, 53 species from 24 families in the organic paddy fields were identified and classified as 32 annuals, 3 biennials and 18 perennials. In conventional paddy fields, 51 species from 24 families (30 annuals, 6 biennials, and 15 perennials) were identified. According to the classification by family, the most abundant weed species were Compositae (9 species), followed by Poaceae (8 species) and Polygonaceae (6 species) in organic paddy fields. In conventional paddy fields, Compositae (9 species) were the most abundant weed species, followed by Cruciferae (6 species), Poaceae, Polygonaceae, and Cyperaceae. This result indicates that the difference in diversity of weeds in paddy fields was influenced more by the agricultural environment than the type of cultivation. Our results could be used as a base data to control the occurrence of weed species in the paddy fields.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.4-12
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• 1997

목적 : 경피적 신생검에 의해 사구체신염으로 진단된 환자들을 대상으로, 병리조직학적인 분류에 근거하여 사구체신염의 종류와 발생 빈도를 조사하였다. 또한 각 사구체 질환별로 발현된 임상 양상의 형태와 임상 양상의 형태에 따른 사구체신염의 종류와 발생 빈도를 분석하였다. 방법 : 1986년 1월부터 1996년 12월 사이에 인제의대 부산백병원 소아과에 입원하여 신질환이 의심되어 초음파 유도하에 Tru-cut needle을 이용하여 경피적 신생검을 시행한 환자 중 사구체신염으로 진단된 15세 이하의 환자 310례를 대상으로 하였다. 환아들의 임상 양상은 의무기록을 중심으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 대상 환자는 310명 이었고, 나이는 13개월부터 15세사이 였으며, 남녀의 비는 남자 188명, 여자 122명으로 1.54:1 남자에서 발생빈도가 높았다. 2) 전체 사구체신염 환자중 원발성 사구체신염은 217명. 속발성 사구체신염은 93명으로, 원발성 사구체신염이 더 많았으며 2.33 : 1의 비율을 보였다. 이를 빈도순으로 살펴보면 미세변화 신증이 32.6%로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로는 IgA신증 15.8%, 알레르기 자반증성 신염 13.5%, 연쇄상구균 감염후 사구체신염 8.1%의 순이었다. 3)내원 당시에 발현되었던 임상 양상의 형태를 기준으로 하여 5가지의 임상 증후군으로 분류하였을 때, 무증상성 요이상을 동반한 사구체신염이 134례로 43.2%로 가장 많았으며, 신증후군이 127례로 41.0%, 급성 사구체신염이 44례로 14.2%, 만성 사구체신염이 3례로 1.0%, 급속진행성 사구체신염이 2례로 0.6%를 차지하였다. 4) 원발성 사구체신염의 분포를 보면 미세변화 신증이 46.5%로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 IgA신증 22.6%, Thin GBM disease 7.8%, 막증식성 사구체신염 5.5%, 메산지움 증식성 사구체신염과 국소성 분절성 사구체경화증이 각각 4.6%, 막성 신병증 0.9%, 경화성 사구체신염 0.9%. 반월형 사구체신염 0.5%의 순이었고 기타 어느곳에도 분류하지 못하는 경우가 6.0%를 차지하였다. 5) 속발성 사구체신염의 원인 질환으로는 알레르기 자반증성 신염이 45.2%로 가장 많았으며, 연쇄상구균 감염 후 사구체신염이 26.9%, B형 간염 바이러스와 연관된 사구체신염이 17.2%, 낭창성 신염이 6.5% 그리고 기타질환이 4.2%를 차지하였다. 기타 질환에는 Alport증후군 2례, 용혈성 요독 증후군 1례, Fibrillary 신염 1례 였다. 결 론 : 신생검을 시행하는 기관에 따라 신생검의 적응증이 다르며, 병리조직학적 분류 또한 일치되지 않은 실정이다. 그러므로 각 기관의 특성에 따라 어떤 특정한 질환의 환자가 상대적으로 많을 가능성이 있으므로 국내에서의 소아 신질환의 발병형태를 보다 체계적으로 조사하고 이를 자료화하기 위해서는 개별 기관들의 연구결과만으로는 미흡하다고 생각되며, 이를 위해서는 전국적인 협동조사가 필요하다고 사료된다.