• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1983

Clam, Tapes japonica, has been widely used and occupies an important position in the markets. More than thirty kinds of fermented fish and shellfish are presently available in the markets in korea. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the taste compounds of the clam. The free amino acids as taste compounds during the fermentation of the clam, Tapes japonica, were analyzed by an amino acid autoanalyzer. Alanine (17.0%), glycine (15.5%), taurine (13.9%) were high in amount in the fresh clam and then glutamic acid, arginine, tyrosine, asparagine, lysine, threonine, serine and leucine were the next in order. Such amino acids as methionine, phenylalanine, histidine and cystine were low in amounts. The total free amino acid nitrogen in the fresh clam was 45.5% of its extract nitrogen. During the fermentation of the clam, the kinds of the free amino acids were the same with the fresh samples although the amounts were changed. It is believed that glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine, and leucine may play an important role as the taste compounds in the fermented clam.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2012

The gDNA isolated from Cyclina sinensis from Gochang (GOCHANG), Incheon (INCHEON) and a Chinese site (CHINESE), were amplified by PCR. Here, the seven oligonucleotide decamer primers (BION-66, BION-68, BION-72, BION-73, BION-74, BION-76, and BION-80) were used to generate the unique shared loci to each population and shared loci by the three cyclina clam populations. As regards multiple comparisons of average bandsharing value results, cyclina clam population from Chinese (0.763) exhibited higher bandsharing values than did clam from Incheon (0.681). In this study, the dendrogram obtained by the seven decamer primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GOCHANG 01~GOCHANG 07), cluster 2 (INCHEON 08~INCHEON 14), cluster 3 (CHINESE 15~CHINESE 21). The shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 15 and 17 from the Chinese cyclina clam (0.049), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one cyclina clams that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals GOCHANG no. 03 and INCHEON no. 12 (0.575). Individuals of Incheon cyclina clam population was somewhat closely related to that of Chinese cyclina clam population. In conclusion, our PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance among the three cyclina clam populations.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2018

The author undertook PCR-founded genetic platform to investigate the hierarchical dendrogram of Euclidean genetic distances of one razor clam population, particularly for Solen corneus, which was further associated with those of the other clam population, by engaging with the precisely designed oligonucleotide primer sets. Seven oligonucleotides primers were used producing a total of 639 counted bands in population A and 595 in population B, respectively, ranging in size of DNA fragments from larger than approximately 50 bp to less than 1,100 bp. Their primers generated 39 specific fragments (6.10%) in population A and 47 (7.90%) in population B, respectively Comparatively, individuals of one razor clam population were fairly related to that of the other clam population, as shown in the hierarchical dendrogram of Euclidean genetic distances. The analysis of genetic variation between razor clam populations could offer important statistics for fisheries and mariculture. Generally the results showed specific and/or conserved genetic loci between razor clam populations. Specific markers established by the author will be valuable for the genetic analysis, species protection and increase of razor clam individuals in coastal region of the Korean Peninsula.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.372-377
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of applying clam exercise on improving trunk control and balance ability in stroke patients. Based on this, we tried to provide clinical information. Methods: In this study, 18 patients with chronic stroke were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. The patients were divided into two groups: a clam exercise group (9 patients) and a control group (9 patients). After 30 minutes of neuro-development therapy, they performed clam exercise or bridge exercise for 3 weeks, 5 times a week for 30 minutes. A trunk impairment scale (TIS) and a postural assessment scale for stroke patients-trunk control (PASS-TC) were performed to evaluate the subjects' ability to control trunk before and after intervention. Balance ability was measured by Balancia before and after intervention. Results: After the training periods, area 95% COP and weight distribution of the affected side were significantly different from the clam exercise group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, in can be seen that the clam exercise is effective in improving the balance ability compared to the bridge exercise. Maintaining the standing posture requires muscle strength of the hip abduction and extension, which is the result of the clam exercise selectively strengthening these muscles. Therefore, if you want to provide intervention to improve the balance of stroke patients, it is recommended to perform a clam exercise.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1970

The effect of Panaquilon (Partial Component of Panax ginseng), on the isolated clam heart, the motility of the isolated clam heart suspended in physiological solution for clam heart was recorded by the Magnus Method. 1. The concentration of $5{\times}10^{-6}$ of Panaquilon produced cardiac arrest in the diastolic state, which resumed the normal state slowly after changing the physiological solution for clam heart. 2. Cardiac arresting action of Panaquilon was antagonistic when pretreated with Serotonin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.310-319
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• 2019

Although mud shrimp (Upogebia Major) provides benefits on the tidal flat ecosystem, it is causing the mass mortality of Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum) and large economic loss to the aquaculture farmer due to spreading in the entire coastal clam farm area of the West Sea of Korea. In this study, a mud shrimp blocking box for cultivating clam was tested to prevent the mud shrimp from invading the habitat of the clam. To determine the effect of the blocking box, the growth characteristics of the clams under various culture conditions were investigated. The shell length, total weight, condition index, the presence of mud shrimp in the box, and the soil decay in the box were examined according to whether the clams were raised in the box or in natural state, whether the box is covered with a net or not and the gap size of the box. As a result, no significant differences in shell length, total weight, and condition index were found between the clam grown in the box and the natural state (P>0.05) without any evidence of invading of mud shrimp to the box. In addition, the soil inside the box was in good condition, not decayed. Therefore, using the mud shrimp blocking box, mud shrimp can be prevented from propagating to the habitat of the clam, thereby contributing to the normal production of the clam and thus to restoring the clam farming.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 1984

The changes in nuclecotides and their related compounds during the fermentation of Clam, Tapes japonica, were analyzed by high speed liquid chromatography. In raw Clam, dominant ADP was $7.86\;{\mu}mole/g$ on moisture and salt free base and the content of ATP was $3.85\;{\mu}mole/g$, AMP $3.71\;{\mu}mole/g$, hypoxanthine $0.28\;{\mu}mole/g$, inosine $0.15\;{\mu}mole/g$, respectively. But IMP was not detected in Clam ADP, ATP and AMP decreased while inosine and hypoxanthine incraesed by twenty two times and thirty there times respectively, after 63 days fermentation, when compared with raw samples. TMA- N increased while TMAO - N decreased during the fermentation The amount of TMAO nitrogen in 63 days fermented Clam was 66.0mg% on moisture and salt free base. It was belived that inosine, hypoxanthine and TMAO play an important role as flavour compounds in fermented Clam.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

Shell waste from the butter clam Saxidomus purpuratus and littleneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum is a large by-product of shellfish aquaculture, and it is desirable to convert it into value-added products for industrial applications. In this study, calcium carbonate (CaC) polymorphs from butter clam (BCSP) and littleneck clam (LCSP) shell powders and commercial CaC were characterized using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the optimal calcination conditions to eliminate organic substances and improve solubility for both BCSP and LCSP were $800^{\circ}C$ for 8 h in an electrical furnace. Calcination improved the white index of the butter clam (BCCP) and littleneck clam (LCCP) calcined powder compared with shell powders. The calcium content in BCCP (51.1%) was higher than that of LCCP (44.9%) or commercial calcium oxide (CaO, 44.7%). The XRD patterns of BCCP and LCCP were similar to that of CaO. Cubic-like crystals of CaC and irregular crystals of BCCP and LCCP were observed by SEM. The FT-IR and XRD analyses revealed the presence of calcite and aragonite in the BCSP and aragonite in the LCSP, whereas the CaC contained calcite. These results indicate that butter and littleneck clam shells are potential biomass resources for calcium carbonate and calcium oxide.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

The comet assay, also called single-cell electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, is a potential sensitive monitoring tool for DNA damage in cells. The primary objective of this study was to use comet assay to ascertain if the blood cells of flounder (Pleuronichthys olivaceus) and muscle cells of clam (Saxidomus purpurata) are suitable for genotoxicity screening. This was achieved by initially exposing blood and muscle cells under in vitro conditions to the reference genotoxin hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$); strong correlation between $H_2O_2$ concentration and comet values were found. Subsequently, the identification of DNA damage in isolated cells from flounder and clam was performed under in vivo exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and tributyltin (TBT). Flounder and clam were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100 ${\mu}g/L$) of BaP or TBT for 4 days. Regardless of treated chemicals, blood cells of flounder were more prone to DNA breakage compared to muscle cells of clam. In conclusion, in vivo genotoxicity of BaP and TBT can be biomonitored using the comet assay. This study suggests that flounder and clam do show potential as mediums for monitoring genotoxic damage by comet assay.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2003

An immunological method was developed in this study to quantify reproductive output of the female butter clam, Saxidomus purpuratus. A clam egg-specific polyclonal antibody was developed using the purified butter clam egg as an antigen. An indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used in quantitative measurement of the eggs. Size of the butter clam eggs ranged from $70.81{\pm}7.52{\mu}m$ in histology or $88.56{\pm}11.31{\mu}m$ in intact eggs. The predominant egg constituent was protein (37.44%), followed by lipids (11.40%) and carbohydrates (9.68%). The SDS-PAGE showed that the egg proteins are composed of several peptides of molecular weights consisting of 247, 200, 99, 91, 54 and 47 kDa. ELISA indicated that the clams collected from Geoje Island in May 2002 produced 8.2 to 26.8% of their body weight as eggs or 9,307,309 to 31,156,333 with a mean of 16,931,893 eggs per individual clam. The results of this study thus suggest that indirect ELISA using rabbit anti-clam egg IgG as a primary antibody is a rapid, affordable and sensitive method to assess reproductive output of 5. purpuratus and possibly other bivalves using a small amount of eggs.