• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2020

The indiscriminate growth in global population poses a threat to the world in handling and disposal of Municipal solid waste. Rapid urban growth increases the production, consumption and generation of Municipal solid waste which leads to a drastic change in the environment. The methane produced from the Municipal Solid waste accounts for up to 11% global anthropogenic emissions, which is a major cause for global warming. This study reports the methane emission estimation using IPCC default, TNO, LandGEM, EPER and close flux chamber from open dump yards at Perungudi and Kodungaiyur in Chennai, India. The result reveals that the methane emission using close flux chamber was in the range of 8.8 Gg/yr-11.3 Gg/yr and 6.1Gg/yr to 9.1 Gg/yr at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi dump yard respectively. The per capita waste generation was estimated based on waste generation and population. The waste generation potential was projected using linear regression model for the period 2017-2050. The trend of CH₄ emission in the actual field measurement were increased every year, similarly the emission trend also increased in IPCC default method (mass balance approach), EPER Germany (zero order decay model) where as TNO and Land GEM (first order decay model) were decreased. The present study reveals that Kodungaiyur dump yard is more vulnerable to methane emission compared to Perungudi dump yard and has more potential in waste to energy conversion mechanisms than compare to Perungudi dump yard.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.114-159
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• 2012

송대는 정치 경제 그리고 문화를 통틀어 중국 역사상의 중요한 전환기이며, 정치제도와 경제체제, 사상의식과 문화특징 등 모든 면에서 중요한 변혁이 있었다. 이러한 변화는 대부분 당대(唐代) 후기에 시작되어 북송시기에 완성되었다. 물론 그 발전이 비교적 긴 과정을 거쳤지만, 그 변화는 거대하고도 본질적인 것이었다. 때문에 각 분야의 제도에 비교적 강력하게 나타났으며, 그 가운데 도성의 조직체계와 특징에서 더욱 뚜렷하게 드러난다. 송대 정치제도 변화의 핵심은 동한(東漢) 이래 형성된 사족문벌제도(士族門閥制度)가 철저하게 붕괴되고 황제를 중심으로 긴밀하고 완벽한 관료체제가 형성되었다는 것으로, 송대는 고도로 집중된 중앙집권체제를 이루었다. 이는 대략 재상(宰相)집단의 형성, 중앙정권의 권력분화, 황제의 지방통제 강화, 관리선출과 과거제도의 개선 등의 내용을 포괄한다. 이로부터 황제는 전 분야에 뻗치는 막강한 권력을 쥐게 되었으며, 각종 제도의 제정은 황제의 권력과 지위 강화라는 목적으로 직결되지 않는 것이 없었다. 동시에 송대는 경제가 고도로 발전한 시기로, 농촌에서는 조전제(租田制)를 핵심으로 하는 생산구조가 형성되어 농업발전이 극대화되었고, 만당(晩唐) 시기부터 농업과 수공업 기술의 발전에 힘입어 상품경제의 발전이 가속화되기 시작하여, 송대에 이르러서는 상업의 사회경제적 위상이 크게 향상되고 나아가 도시경제체계를 형성하게 되었다. 정치제도의 변화와 경제적 발전이 각종 도시제도의 형성에 영향을 미친 것이다. 이 글에서는 1980년대 초기 이후로 북송 동경 변량성(東京 지금의 河南省 開封市)에 대해 진행된 고고학적 작업을 정리하고, 또한 그 성과에 근거하여 북송 동경 변량성의 특징을 간략하게 종합해 보고자 한다.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-20
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• 2011

The physiology of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in response to abiotic stress has been studied for several decades. Early D. salina research focused on its remarkable salinity tolerance and ability, upon exposure to various abiotic stresses, to accumulate high concentrations of $\beta$-carotene and other carotenoid pigments valued highly as nutraceuticals. The simple life cycle and growth requirements of D. salina make this organism one of the large-scale commercially exploited microalgae for natural carotenoids. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics now allow investigation of abiotic stress responses at the molecular level. Detailed knowledge of isoprenoid biosynthesis mechanisms and the development of molecular tools and techniques for D. salina will allow the improvement of physiological characteristics of algal strains and the use of transgenic algae in bioreactors. Here we review D. salina isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis regulation, and also the biotechnological and genetic transformation procedures developed for this alga that set the stage for its future use as a production system.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2008

Results of corrosion testing for different grades of titanium, copper, zinc, alluminium alloys and steels after two years of outdoor exposure under humid tropical urban and marine conditions have been presented and discussed. Mass loss and corrosion product characteristics for the exposed specimens at Hanoi testing site with high humidity and Nhatrang marine stations (at 100 and 1,000 meters distances from sea) with different airborne salinities (35.9 and $90.0mg/m^2.d$ respectively) have been selected for investigation. From time dependence of the specimen mass loss and corrosion product characteristics, the strong influence of environmental parameters upon durability for the investigated metals and alloys has been demonstrated. Only titanium alloys show high resistance to the marine conditions. All the other specimens (copper, zinc, alluminium alloys and steels) have been underwent strong deterioration under influence of aerosol salinity. Results of corrosion products analysis have been also presented for characterization of environmental impact on the metal degradation processes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.471-493
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• 2013

This paper presents a framework for seismic damage evaluation for Algerian buildings adapted from HAZUS approach (Hazard-United States). Capacity and fragility curves were adapted to fit the Algerian building typologies (Reinforced Concrete structures, Confined or Non-Confined Masonry, etc). For prediction purposes, it aims to estimate the damages and potential losses that may be generated by a given earthquake in a prone area or country. Its efficiency is validated by comparing the estimated and observed damages in Boumerd$\grave{e}$s city, in the aftermath of Boumerd$\grave{e}$s earthquake (Algeria: May $21^{st}$ 2003; $M_w$ = 6.8). For this purpose, observed damages reported for almost 3,700 buildings are compared to the theoretical predictions obtained under two distinct modelling of the seismic hazard. In one hand, the site response spectrum is built according to real accelerometric records obtained during the main shock. In the other hand, the effective Algerian seismic code response spectrum (RPA 99) in use by the time of the earthquake is considered; it required the prior fitting of Boumerd$\grave{e}$s site PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) provided by Ambraseys' attenuation relationship.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.879-883
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• 2012

Cervical cancer is caused by HPV infection and can be prevented by early vaccination. Objective: To assess Syrian women's level of knowledge and determinants of good knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV infection and its vaccines. Methods: A cross sectional survey was undertaken among mothers with daughters in sixth grade classes enrolled in primary schools in Aleppo city, Syria. Samples were selected through cluster sampling and data collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Less than a third of the mothers had heard of HPV infection and vaccines against cervical cancer and levels of knowledge were generally low. Good knowledge was associated with high education level, higher family monthly income, having few - less than four children, positive history of cervical cancer screening, and working or having relatives working in the medical field. The main source of information was television and few reported health care providers as a source of knowledge on HPV infection and vaccine. Conclusion: Since knowledge of HPV infection and its connection with cervical cancer and its vaccine are low, more efforts must be made to educate Syrians prior to introduction of any HPV vaccination programme. Public health efforts must focus on educating mothers, the public as well as health care providers.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

Rising urban flood patterns are a universal phenomenon and a significant challenge for city government and urban planners worldwide. Urban flood problems range from relatively localized incidents to substantial incidents, which lead to cities being flooded for a few hours to several days. Therefore, the effect may be widespread, such as the temporary displacement of individuals, disruption to civic facilities, water quality degradation and the possibility of epidemics. The problems raised by urban flooding are highly challengeable and compound by ongoing climate change, with adverse implications for changes in rainfall and gaps in intra-urban rainfall distribution. Unplanned construction and invasions of large houses along rivers and watercourses have interfered in natural rivers and watercourses. As a result, the runoff has risen in proportion to the urbanization of the urban floods. The location of the relief camp and the priority for evacuation were determined, and the safest route to avoid floods were established. This method can be used for emergency planning in future flood incidents, and it will help plan disaster preparedness for Panchayat. This study will promote the flood plain's potential use for disaster management and land use planning virtually.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디지털정책학회 2004년도 International Conference on Digital Policy & Management
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

Administrative procedures are the heart of the activity in each Town Council. Citizens do transactions every day and, sometimes, they do not understand what they must do or the steps to follow. We are developing a Web-based system to help citizens with this task in an easy way. The application is integrated a four year project called Albacete[Digital] that began in 2002 with the purpose of building an e-government system in Albacete, a city with over 150.000 citizens. This Administrative Information Centre is the result of the Administration study in the first year of the project and it will continue with the on-line transaction in the following years.

• 청정기술
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.100-125
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• 1996

After recycle of spent materials has been optimised, there remains a proportion of waste which must be dealt with in the most environmentally friendly manner available. For materials such as municipal waste, clinical waste, toxic waste and special wastes such as tyres, incineration is often the most appropriate technology. The study of incineration must take a process system approach covering the following aspects: ${\bullet}$ Collection and blending of waste, ${\bullet}$ The two stage combustion process, ${\bullet}$ Quenching, scrubbing and polishing of the flue gases, ${\bullet}$ Dispersion of the flue gases and disposal of any solid or liquid effluent. The design of furnaces for the burning of a bed of material is being hampered by lack of an accurate mathematical model of the process and some semi-empirical correlations have to be used at present. The prediction of the incinerator gas phase flow is in a more advanced stage of development using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, although further validation data is still required. Unfortunately, it is not possible to scale down many aspects of waste incineration and tests on full scale incinerators are essencial. Thanks to a close relationship between SUWIC and Sheffield Heat&Power Ltd., an extended research programme has been carried out ar the Bernard Road Incinerator plant in Sheffield. This plant consists of two Municipal(35 MW) and two Clinical (5MW) Waste Incinerators which provide district heating for a large part of city. The heat is distributed as hot water to commercial, domestic ( >5000 dwelling) and industrial buildings through 30km of 14" pipes plus a smaller pipe distribution system. To improve the economics, a 6 MW generator is now being added to the system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2987-2991
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• 2015

Background: The prognostic role of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression in lung cancer has been assessed but with inconsistent results. The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of TTF1 expression in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with stage IIIB-IV non-squamous NSCLC were enrolled. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed according to TTF1 expression status, age categories (${\leq}60$ vs >60 years), gender, performance status (PS) (0-2 vs 3-4), type of 1st line chemotherapy (pemetrexed containing vs others) and EGFR status. Results: A total of 120 patients were included. In univariate analysis, PFS was improved in patients with PS 0-2 (7.0 vs 2.0 months, p=0.002) and those who received pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy (9.2 vs 5.8 months, p=0.004). OS was improved in female patients (23.0 vs 8.7 months, p<0.0001), PS 0-2 (14.4 vs 2.0 months, p<0.0001), those with pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy (17.0 vs 11.0 months, p=0.019), TTF1-positive (12.8 vs 5.8 months, p=0.011) and EGFR- mutant patients (23.0 vs 11.7 months, p=0.006). In multivariate analysis, male gender (HR=2.34, p=0.025) and non-pemetrexed containing therapy (HR=2.24, p=0.022) were independent predictors of worse PFS. Wild EGFR status (HR=2.49, p=0.015) and male gender (HR=2.78, p=0.008) were predictors of worse OS. Conclusions: Pemetrexed-containing therapy significantly improved PFS while OS was improved in EGFR mutant patients. Female patients had better PFS and OS. TTF1 expression was not a prognostic marker in advanced non-squamous NSCLC.