• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2016

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is sometimes complicated with pneumonia, but little is known about the risk factors that promote the development of pneumonia in COPD. These risk factors were evaluated in the present study. Methods: The data of 324 patients with COPD from a prospective multi-center observational cohort with obstructive lung disease were evaluated retrospectively. To identify risk factors for the development of pneumonia in COPD, the clinical and radiological data at enrollment and the time to the first episode of pneumonia were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: The median follow-up time was 1,099 days and 28 patients (8.6%) developed pneumonia. The Cox analysis showed that post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$, % of predicted) and the computed tomography (CT) emphysema extent (inspiratory V950) were independent risk factors for the development of pneumonia (post-bronchodilator $FEV_1$: hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-1.00; p=0.048 and inspiratory V950: HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07; p=0.01). Conclusion: Emphysema severity measured by CT and post-bronchodilator $FEV_1$ are important risk factors for the development of pneumonia in COPD.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.170-177
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• 2015

Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine the association of various demographic and socioeconomic factors with risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: We used nationally representative pooled data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2007-2013. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. We defined CKD as a GFR <60 mL/min/$1.73m^2$, and 1304 of the 45 208 individuals included in the KNHANES were found to have CKD by this definition. The outcome variable was whether individual subjects adhered to the CKD prevention and management guidelines recommended by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The guidelines suggest that individuals maintain a normal weight, abstain from alcohol consumption and smoking, manage diabetes and hypertension, and engage in regular exercise in order to prevent and manage CKD. Results: This study found that individuals with CKD were more likely to be obese and have hypertension or diabetes than individuals without CKD. In particular, male and less-educated CKD patients were less likely to adhere to the guidelines. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of CKD, as indicated by the KNHANES data, decreased from 2007 to 2013, the prevalence of most risk factors associated with CKD fluctuated over the same time period. Since a variety of demographic and socioeconomic factors are related to the successful implementation of guidelines for preventing and managing CKD, individually tailored prevention activities should be developed.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.98-109
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This study is to investigate the association of Sasang Constitution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). 2. Methods: One thousand five hundred forty five persons, more than 40 years old, participated in the community based cohort in Wonju City and Pyeongchang City of South Korea from October 29th in 2007 to February 26th in 2008. The diagnosis of COPD was confirmed by spirometry and based on the diagnostic criteria developed by GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) standard. Relating items like height, weight, BMI(Body Mass Index), martial status, income, drinking, smoking and education were checked using questionnaires and Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by a specialist using PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial photos and check-up lists. 3. Results: There were 88 persons(5.7%) who had mild COPD. Old age(more than 60's) and male were significant risk factors of COPD. But smoking, drinking and Sasang Constitution were not risk factors of COPD. But there were many Soeumin who had mild COPD in terms of Sasang Constitution irrespective of sex. 4. Conclusions: Low BMI(<23kg/m2) and low income also were significant risk factors. And Sasang Constitution might be the variable to manage COPD patients, but more researches are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.580-586
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• 2019

This study selected 2,134 fertile women aged 20 to 44 years as the final study subjects using the 6th source data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between female characteristics, chronic diseases and oral health behavior, and the effects of each factor on periodontal diseases. There were statistically significant differences in age(p<0.001), education level(p<0.001), income(p<0.05), marital status(p<0.001), smokes(p<0.05) and pregnancy(p<0.001). Chronic disease factors showed statistically significant differences in hypertension(p<0.001), obesity(p<0.001), diabetes(p<0.001), hypercholesterolemia(p<0.05), hypocholesterolemia(p<0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia(p<0.001). Oral health behaviors were statistically significant in terms of toothache(p<0.05), orthodontic treatment(p<0.05) and chew discomfort(p<0.05). As a result of examining the risk factors affecting periodontal disease, the risk of chronic disease was 1.576 times higher in the obese group, and 2.569 times higher in the diabetic group than in the normal group. The subjective oral health status was 1.372 times higher for normal women and 1.614 times higher for bad women than for good ones. As a result, diabetes has shown the greatest risk among chronic diseases in women, and diabetes and obesity are highly relevant and therefore are considered important variables for the risk factors of dementia. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the risks of chronic and periodical diseases, expand oral health education programs for women's dental disease, and prepare oral health policies.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and factors affecting falls among elderly inpatients with chronic diseases based on the data from the discharge damage depth survey of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency(KDCA) from 2014 to 2018. Method: The study selected elderly inpatients aged over 65 who were hospitalized(n=1,173). Their data were analyzed after being assigned to either a fall group(KSCD, W00-W19) or a non-fall group. Frequency analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted, using SPSS 28. Results: According to the analysis on category of fall and non-fall group were statistically significant difference in age and having chronic diseases. Based on the binary logistic regression analysis of factors affecting falls, The risk of falls was 1.058 times higher with age, and E11-E14 and I63 as main diagnostic codes, the risk of falls was 2.049 times and 2.437 times higher. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop customized educational manuals and muscle exercise programs considering the characteristics of chronic diseases and to create a safe hospital room environment, and this result is expected to be used as basic data for fall prevention education and manual development for elderly inpatients with chronic diseases.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate food habits, nutritional knowledge, nutritional risk factors, health-related lifestyle, health status and dietetic therapy in Korean middle-aged and elderly outpatients taking supplements. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to December in 2001. Subjects were 1702 (male 731, female 971) age-related chronic disease outpatients aged over 50 years. Data was collected using a standardized Questionnaire by in-person interview and analyzed by SPSS system. The subjects with supplement had significantly lower nutritional knowledge, higher nutritional risk factors, undesirable lifestyle, and lower self-reported health status compared to those without supplement. However, the subjects with supplement had desirable (cod habits and more concern about health compared to those without supplement. Age-related chronic disease group with supplement had significantly undesirable food habits, lower nutritional knowledge and higher nutritional risk factors compared to control group with supplement. Age-related chronic disease group without supplement had significantly desirable food habits, higher nutritional knowledge, lower self-reported health status and higher stress compared to control group without supplement. Therefore, these results may provide basic information for proper supplement of Korean middle-aged and elderly outpatients.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 2012

Objective : Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a typical disease that is encountered frequently in neurosurgical practice. The medications which could cause coagulopathies were known as one of the risk factors of CSDH, such as anticoagulants (ACs) and antiplatelet agents (APs). Recently, the number of patients who are treated with ACs/APs is increasing, especially in the elderly population. With widespread use of these drugs, there is a need to study the changes in risk factors of CSDH patients. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 290 CSDH patients who underwent surgery at our institute between 1996 and 2010. We classified them into three groups according to the time of presentation (Group A : the remote period group, 1996-2000, Group B : the past period group, 2001-2005, and Group C : the recent period group, 2006-2010). Also, we performed the comparative analysis of independent risk factors between three groups. Results : Among the 290 patients, Group A included 71 patients (24.5%), Group B included 98 patients (33.8%) and Group C included 121 patients (41.7%). Three patients (4.2%) in Group A had a history of receiving ACs/APs, 8 patients (8.2%) in Group B, and 19 patients (15.7%) in Group C. Other factors such as head trauma, alcoholism, epilepsy, previous neurosurgery and underlying disease having bleeding tendency were also evaluated. In ACs/APs related cause of CSDH in Group C, significantly less proportion of the patients are associated with trauma or alcohol compared to the non-medication group. Conclusion : In this study, the authors concluded that ACs/APs have more importance as a risk factor of CSDH in the recent period compared to the past. Therefore, doctors should prescribe these medications carefully balancing the potential risk and benefit.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.325-335
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• 2017

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormal inflammatory response and airflow limitation. Acute exacerbation involves increased inflammatory burden leading to worsening respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea and sputum production. Some COPD patients have frequent exacerbations (two or more exacerbations per year). A substantial proportion of COPD patients may remain stable without exacerbation. Bacterial and viral infections are the most common causative factors that breach airway stability and lead to exacerbation. The increasing prevalence of exacerbation is associated with deteriorating lung function, hospitalization, and risk of death. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of airway inflammation in COPD and discuss how bacterial or viral infection, temperature, air pollution, eosinophilic inflammation, and concomitant chronic diseases increase airway inflammation and the risk of exacerbation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.246-259
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• 2010

The incidence of chronic disease is continuously increasing in Korea. Especially, office workers have higher risk of chronic disease because of their dietary habit and lifestyle. The study aimed to investigate the effect of tailored nutrition counseling on improving chronic disease risk factors. Ninety-nine male workers (age $46.9{\pm}7.0$ yrs) volunteered for 12 weeks of nutrition program containing dietary intake and physical activity adjustment. Five individualized programs were performed with the main theme of weight loss (WL, n = 16), blood pressure lowering (BL, n = 34), normalizing blood glucose (GL, n = 21), lipid lowering (LL, n = 13) and reducing MS risk factors (ML, n = 15). Anthropometric data, blood-pressure, self-reported questionnaire, blood profiles were measured before and after 12weeks of nutrition education. The education program included 5 times of 1：1 interview. Compared to 0 week, anthropometric data (weight, BMI, fat, visceral fat, waist, SBP, DBP) were significantly decreased after 12 weeks (p < 0.001). Fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were decreased (p < 0.05). The primary outcomes with individually tailored programs showed to be more effective than one general nutrition program.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.10
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• pp.367-373
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• 2019

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of preterm infants with multiple factors affected from prenatal to postnatal periods. Despite significant advances in neonatal care over almost 50 years, BPD rates have not decreased; in fact, they may have even increased. Since more preterm infants, even at periviable gestational age, survive today, different stages of lung development affect the pathogenesis of BPD. Hence, the definition of BPD has changed from "old" to "new." In this review, we discuss the various definitions of BPD, risk factors from the prenatal to postnatal periods, management strategies by phase, and future directions for research.