• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2004

Earlier studies have demonstrated that chromium (Cr) Ⅵ compounds have been shown to be more toxic and carcinogenic than other chromium compounds. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of red ginseng against chromium Ⅵ-induced toxicity and free radical generation. Sixty adult male rats were divided into six equal groups include: control group, group received Cr Ⅵ alone (50 mg/kg b.w.), group treated with Korean ginseng (K. ginseng) alone (20 mg/kg b.w), group treated with Cr Ⅵ for 15 days then received K. ginseng for other 15 days, group treated with Cr Ⅵ and K. ginseng at the same time for 15 days, and group treated with K. ginseng for 15 days then Cr Ⅵ for other 15 days. The results revealed that Cr Ⅵ caused significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, G-GT, urea, creatinine, and acid phosphatase. Whereas, it caused significant decrease in TP, albumin, testosterone, GPX, and SOD indicating a stress for liver, kidney and testes. K. ginseng alone caused significant increase in GPX and SOD activities in healthy animals and this result suggests a prophylactic role for this herb in protection against the damaging impact induced by free radical species. Furthermore, the other biochemical parameters measured after K. ginseng administration were comparable to the control values. Treatment with Cr Ⅵ followed by K. ginseng, Cr Ⅵ and K. ginseng or K. ginseng followed by Cr Ⅵ resulted in significant improvement in all tested parameters towards the normal values of the controls. However, this improvement was pronounced in the group pre-treated with K. ginseng for 15 days before Cr Ⅵ administration. It could be concluded that K. ginseng exhibited a protective action against the toxic effects of Cr Ⅵ and it had the ability to scavenge free radicals resulted from Cr Ⅵ intoxication.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.233-236
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• 2010

The analytical in vivo chromium ion was searched for using a voltammetric hollow-fiber dialysis sensor via square wave stripping voltammetry (SW), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry. Under optimum parameters, the analytical results indicated linear working ranges of 50~400 mg/l CV and $10{\sim}80\;{\mu}g/l$ SW within a 30-sec accumulation time. The analytical detection limit (S/N) was $6.0\;{\mu}g/l$. The developed method can be applied to in vivo tissues and in ex vivo toxicity assay, as well as to other materials that require chromium analysis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.19.1-19.7
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• 2016

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine hexavalent chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) accumulation in the mullet and investigate $Cr^{6+}$ toxicity using a panel of biomarkers including metallothioneins (MTs), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutases (SODs) for 4 weeks. $Cr^{6+}$ bioaccumulation in all tissues, except muscle, was consistently time- and dose-dependent. The accumulation of $Cr^{6+}$ for 4-week exposures was in the following order: $kidney{\approx}liver$ > $intestine{\approx}gill$ > spleen > muscle. Compared with the control, $Cr^{6+}$ bioaccumulation was increased in ${\geq}200{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ groups (P < 0.05). An independent relation was observed between accumulation factors (AFs) and exposure concentration. But AFs increased with exposure time. In the liver and gill, GST and SOD differed from the control at a high $Cr^{6+}$ concentration at 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). This study indicated that the gills were as sensitive as the liver to $Cr^{6+}$ toxicity. However, the latter appeared to influence largely on the organism's adaptive response to $Cr^{6+}$, since $Cr^{6+}$ may elevate GSH and MT levels by enhancing the hepatic uptake of metal in the mullet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1050-1054
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• 1997

In order to study the effects of green juice of Angelica keiskei Koidz on the toxicity of several selected elements, experiments were conducted with mice for a period of six weeks. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows ; 1) Mice fed with 50 ppm of cadmium showed no adverse effects on the growth rate and mortality , but cadmium accumulation into the internal organs. 2) mice fed with 500ppm of lead showed no reduced effect on the growth rate and mortality, but lead accumulation was increased in the internal organs. The administration of green juice slightly reduced lead accumulation in the internal organs. 3) Mice fed with 50 ppm of selenium also showed no serious adverse effect of the growth rate and mortality , but selenium accumulation occurred in the internal organs. The administration of green juice slightly reduced selenium accumulation in the internal organs, but the modes and degrees of reduction in selenium accumulation were not consistent with the internal organs, liver, kidney and pancreas. 4) Mice fed with 500 ppm of chromium showed, numerically , an adverse effect on the growth rate, but showed no statistically significant difference. The administration of green juice rather increased the accumulation of chromium instead of reduction of chromium accumulation in the internal organs.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2008

In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of chromium trioxide, and the cell regenerative effect of phenolic acid against chromium trioxide-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, cell adhesion activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and morphological changes of cells were performed in these cultures. The toxicity of chromium trioxide (${IC}_{50}$, 44.0 ${\mu}M$) was high according to the toxic criteria. Cell regeneration of benzoic acid derivatives against ${IC}_{50}$ value of chromium trioxide in cell morphology was increased in concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that benzoic acid derivatives may be used as a cell regenerative agent against chromium-mediated cytotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

There is now a growing concern about the possible toxicity of heavy metals in cosmetics. Heavy metals can be used as cosmetic ingredients or may be present as low level impurities in some of the raw materials. Chromium derivatives are used as pigments in cosmetics. Chromium is essential and toxic trace elements. Chromium may cause skin allergy. However, the regulations related to cosmetic products give no limit values for Chromium. Hexavalent chromium is significantly more toxic than trivalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium may present a carcinogenic risk at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to consider oxidation state of chromium when analyze chromium. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentrations of water-soluble trivalent and hexavalent chromium in samples of makeup products, and to assess the safety of cosmetics on the basis of animal sensitization tests using guinea pig. The present study of chromium in 48 makeup products of 12 manufacturers provides a basis for assessing safety of makeup products. Water-soluble hexavalent chromium was not detected in any product. Water-soluble trivalent chromium was detected in only 9 eye shadows out of 48 makeup products, and could not be quantified 3 out of 9 eye shadows. The highest level of water-soluble trivalent chromium was about 10 mg/kg in spite of 90,000 mg/kg of total chromium. The results of animal sensitization tests show that 200 mg/kg of trivalent chromium and 5 mg/kg of hexavalent chromium have no harmful effect. No cross-reaction among these metals was found. Accordingly, the concentrations of water-soluble chromium in makeup products seemed to be safe. The overall results indicate that chromium in cosmetics probably have no significant toxicological effects. However, It is necessary to set guidelines on the maximum permissible concentration of water-soluble chromium in cosmetics.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.351-365
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• 2002

Earlier studies have demonstrated that chromium (Cr) VI compounds have been shown to be more toxic and carcinogenic than other chromium compounds. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of red ginseng against chromium VI -induced toxicity and free radical generation. Sixty adult male rats were divided into six equal groups include: control group, group received Cr VI alone (50 mg/kg b.w.), group treated with Korean ginseng (K. ginseng) alone (20 mg/kg b.w), group treated with Cr VI for 15 days then received K. ginseng for other 15 days, group treated with Cr VI and K. ginseng at the same time for 15 days, and group treated with K. ginseng for 15 days then Cr VI for other 15 days. The results revealed that Cr VI caused significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, G-GT, urea, creatinine, and acid phosphatase. Whereas, it caused significant decrease in TP, albumin, testosterone, GPX, and SOD indicating a stress for liver, kidney and testes. K. ginseng alone caused significant increase in GPX and SOD activities in healthy animals and this result suggests a prophylactic role for this herb in protection against the damaging impact induced by free radical species. Furthermore, the other biochemical parameters measured after K. ginseng administration were comparable to the control values. Treatment with Cr VI followed by K. ginseng, Cr VI and K. ginseng or K. ginseng followed by Cr VI resulted in significant improvement in all tested parameters towards the normal values of the controls. However, this improvement was pronounced in the group pre-treated with K. ginseng for 15 days before Cr VI administration. It could be concluded that K. ginseng exhibited a protective action against the toxic effects of Cr VI and it had the ability to scavenge free radicals resulted from Cr VI intoxication.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.46-58
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• 1995

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Copper ), Organophosphorus insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and Parathion ), and other chemicals( Arsenic, Cyanide, and Phenol) to Daphnia magna, and Vibrio fischeri was analysed. Daphnia magna to most toxic chemicals was most sensitive among test organisms alld then Daphnia magna seems to be more useful in toxic test of water. Daphnia magna was more sensitive to heavy metals than insecticides and other chemicals. The sensitivity of Visrio JircAeri to heavy metals was not so different from that to insecticides and the sensitivity to other chemicals was low. Visrio JircAeri appears to be more sensitive to toxic chemicals than Photobacterium phosphoreum, which was compared as recorded values of P.phosphoreum. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, and Group 4 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, Lead, Chromium EPN, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Mercury and Copper in Group 2 : Arsonic and Cadmium in Group 3 : Cyanide, 2, 4-B, and Phenol in Group 4. To Visrio JircAeri, Lead, Chromiurl 2, 4- D, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Merecury, Cadmium and Arsenic in Group 2 : Cyanide in Group 3 : EPN, Copper, and Phenol in Group 4.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2003년도 제10차 국제학술회의 및 추계정기 학술발표회
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• pp.14-14
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• 2003

The aim of the present study isto assess the importance of siderophore producing rhizosphere bacteria on the growth of Brassica junceaunder chromium stress. Pseudomonassp. (A4) produced an iron chelating substance siderophores in iron deficient medium. Under chromium stress condition Pseudomonassp. (A4) markedly increased the root and shoot length and also biomass of Brassica juncea as compared to Pseudomonas sp. (A3). This plant growth promotion has been related to the microbial production of siderophore.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2003년도 제10차 국제학술회의 및 추계정기 학술발표회
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• pp.45-45
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• 2003

The aim of the present study was to assess the importance of siderophore producing rhizobacteria on the growth of Brassica juncea under chromium stress. Pseudomonas sp. (A4) produced an iron chelating substance siderophores in iron deficient medium. Under chromium stress condition Pseudomonassp. (A4) markedly increased the root and shoot length and also biomass of Brassica juncea as compared to Pseudomonas sp. (A3). This plantgrowth promotion has been related to the microbial production of siderophore.