• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.762-768
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• 2004

인슐린 작용을 강화시키는 LMWCr의 발견과 크롬 결핍과 관련 있는 포도당 불내성(glucose intolerance)이 크롬 투여 시 반응을 보여준 임상적 증명 이후, 크롬은 확실한 필수 영양소로 인식되고 보조제로 사용되고 있다. 시험관 실험에서 고농도의 3가 크롬을 배양 세포에 노출 시, 일부 연구 결과에서 염색체이상 유발과 변이원성 효과가 발견되긴 하였으나 이는 비타민 A, D, 니코틴산, 셀레늄 등과 같은 많은 다른 영양소의 과잉 섭취 시 독성 효과를 나타내는 정도로 해석되며, 시험관 실험 결과들이 발암성의 증거로 해석되지는 않는다. 3가 크롬을 경구 보조제로 투여된 임상 치료에서 환자들은 독성효과를 보이지 않았으며, 혈장 내 크롬 수치가 비 투여된 사람들에 비하여 조금 높았다. 크롬을 TPN 형태로 투여받은 환자들에게서도 우려했던 신체ㆍ정신적 효과와의 상관 관계가 없었으며 신기능부전을 나타낸 경우는 신장 독성을 주는 약들을 함께 복용한 경우로서, 우려되는 부작용은 없는 것으로 인정된다. 임상학적, 실험적으로 사용된 3가 크롬의 용량은 ESADDI 규정된 범위 50∼200 $\mu$g/day에서 전혀 독성을 나타내지 않았으며, 일반적인 사용에 기준이 될 것이다. EPA는 모든 관련 자료들을 검토한 후에 크롬의 참고용량 (RfD) 수치를 70 mg/day로 결론지었으며, 다른 영양소들의 용량과 비교했을 때 대단히 넓은 수치이다. 3가 크롬은 당뇨병, 임신성 당뇨병, 인슐린 내성, 비정상적 지방대사를 개선시키기 위한 영양소로서 가능성을 가진다. 또한 크롬의 보충은 제II형 당뇨병과 다양한 심혈관계 질환을 예방하거나 치료하는데 가장 유용한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 앞으로는 크롬 보조제 사용 시, 일부 연구자들이 3가 크롬 1000 $\mu$g/day의 안전성을 입증한 것과 같이 용량을 늘려 임상실험을 시도한 후 안전과 효능을 증명하는 것이 필요하다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

The ROS-producing potency of chromium compounds of several oxidation states were determined in the H4 cells. $K_2Cr_2O_7$ as Cr (VI), synthetic Cr (V) compounds and Cr (III) as TPP produced high level of ROS. However, ROS values of Cr-picolinate as Cr (III), CrCl$_2$, CrCI$_2$, were almost equal to the control. The effects of physiological antioxidants compounds which react with free radicals were examined for their effects on chromate-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 cells after the addition of $K_2Cr_2O_7$. The compounds used were vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E ($\alpha$-tocopherol), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The preincubation of ascorbate (200uM) with A549 cells for 20hr resulted in a significant reduction of hexavalent chromate(100uM) induced ROS. However, there is no effects of preincubation of the cells with vitamin E succinate (10 and 20uM, 20hr) on the ROS production. Also, the effects of Cr (VI) on the cell cycle of A549 cells was measured by adding the DNA intercalating agent, propidium iodide. S phase of the cell cycle was increased by the chromium (VI) compounds up to 20uM indicating toxicity or possible mitogenic action of the cell. The shoulder in Go/G1 phase at 20uM Cr (VI) with 24 hr treatment indicates apoptosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2002

본 시험은 성장단계별로 서로 다른 수준의 CrP를 첨가하여 성장성적, 혈액성상 및 도체품질에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 시험Ⅰ에서 일당증체, 일당건물섭취량 및 사료효율에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 혈액성상에서 혈장 Glucose와 PUN의 농도에는 영향이 없었지만 혈중 인슐린의 농도는 0.05% CrP첨가구가 대조구의 2배되는 1.47ng/ml 인데 반하여 혈중 NEFA의 농도는 59.00 mEq/dl 로 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이는 인슐린의 농도의 증가 및 인슐린의 활성의 증가로 인하여 지방합성대사가 활발히 진행된 결과로 사료된다. 이러한 결과를 도체분석결과가 뒤받침 해주고 있는데 비록 통계적인 유의차는 없지만 0.05% CrP 첨가구의 등지방두께가 대조구에 비해 22.33% 높은 3.67cm로 나타났다. 시험Ⅱ에서 비록 일당증체, 일당건물섭취량 및 사료효율에는 유의적인 차이가 없었지만(p>0.05), 첨가초기 즉 0.05% CrP 첨가구에서는 첫 60일간, 0.025% CrP 첨가구에서는 첫 120일간 대조구보다 우수한 성적을 나타냈다. 혈장 Glucose와 PUN의 농도에는 영향이 없었다. 통계적인 유의차는 없었지만 혈 중 인슐린의 농도는 0.025% CrP 첨가구는 대조구보다 8.88% 높은 1.35ng/ml로 나타났고 0.05% CrP 첨가구는 오히려 1.13ng/ml로 대조구보다 낮게 나타났다. NEFA의 농도는 시험Ⅰ에서와 같은 차이는 없었지만 CrP 첨가수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 추세를 나타냈고 등지방두께는 일정한 변화추세를 보이지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of different sources of chromium on growth performance, blood profile and carcass trait in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 200 growing pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc, average initial weight 8.5 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 10 pigs per replicate. Five treatments were designated as follows according to the source of chromium. i) Control (No chromium): corn-soybean meal based basal diet, ii) $CrCl_{3}$: control diet+200 ppb Cr as $CrCl_{3}$, iii) CrPic: control diet+200 ppb Cr as Cr picolinate, iv) CrMet-1: control diet+100 ppb Cr as Cr methionine, and v) CrMet-2: control diet+200 ppb Cr as Cr methionine. After the feeding trial, three pigs per replicate (12 pigs per treatment) were slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass traits. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed: gain ratio (F/G) were not different (p>0.05) among dietary Cr sources. However, whole-period ADG of pigs fed CrPic, CrMet-1 and CrMet-2 diets was higher (p<0.05) than for the control diet. Nutrient digestibility was not different (p>0.05) among dietary Cr sources, but the nutrient digestibility of pigs fed CrPic, CrMet-1 and CrMet-2 diets was higher (p<0.05) than for the control diet. BUN level decreased with more magnitude (p<0.05) in pigs fed Cr during the 20 to 50 kg period. Although both serum cholesterol and triglyceride were different (p<0.05) among treatments, there was no consistent response that could be related to the dietary Cr sources regardless of growth phase. However, the overall data suggested that serum cholesterol level increased as BW of pigs increased. Blood total protein (TP) increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed Cr only during the 90-110 kg phase, and blood creatinine (Creat) level was higher in $CrCl_{3}$ and CrPic treatments than in the control only during the 90-110 kg phase. Backfat thickness was thinner (p<0.05) in pigs fed CrMet-2 than in the control treatment. Therefore, lean percentage was higher (p<0.05) in CrMet-2 than in control pigs. However, dressing percentage and Longissimus muscle area (LMA) were not different (p>0.05) among treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 200 ppb Cr, via either CrPic or CrMet, improved pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Moreover, dietary CrMet supplementation for the growing-finishing pig is evidently remarkable for improving both lean percentage of the carcass and backfat thickness.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1495-1502
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• 2024

Objective: This research investigated the effect of administering chromium (Cr) and meloxicam (MEL) on growth performance, cortisol and blood metabolite, and behaviors in young, regrouped heifers. Methods: Fifty Holstein dairy heifers (body weight [BW] 198±32.7 kg and 6.5±0.82 months of age) were randomly assigned to non-regrouped group or four regrouped groups. Non-regrouped animals were held in the same pen throughout the entire experimental period (NL: non-regrouping and administration of lactose monohydrate [LM; placebo]). For regrouping groups, two or three heifers maintained in four different pens for 2 weeks were regrouped into a new pen and assigned to one of four groups: regrouping and LM administration (RL); regrouping and Cr administration (RC); regrouping and MEL administration (RM), and regrouping and Cr and MEL administration (RCM). LM (1 mg/kg BW), Cr (0.5 mg Cr picolinate/kg dry matter intake), and MEL (1 mg/kg BW) were orally administered immediately before regrouping. Blood was collected before regrouping (0 h) and at 3, 9, and 24 h and 7 and 14 d thereafter. Behaviors were recorded for 7 consecutive days after regrouping. Results: Average daily gain was lower (p<0.05) in RL than NL heifers, but was higher (p<0.05) in RM, RC, and RCM than RL heifers. RL heifers had higher (p<0.05) cortisol than NL heifers on d 1 after regrouping. The cortisol concentrations in RC, RM, and RCM groups were lower (p<0.05) than in RL treatment 1 d after regrouping. Displacement behavior was greater (p<0.05) in RL group than all other groups at 2, 3, and 6 d after regrouping. Conclusion: Regrouping caused temporal stress, reduced growth performance, and increased displacement behavior in heifers. Administering Cr and MEL recovered the retarded growth rate and reduced displacement behavior, thereby alleviating regrouping stress.