• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.183-188
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• 2009

HwaSeong (Suwon Fortress) was built during the reign of King Jeong-jo in the Choseon Dynasty. Detailed information on the construction of HwaSeong can be found in Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigui. In this sense, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis on the Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigui based on construction management factors. This paper aims to analyze the HwaSeong construction project from a modern construction perspective by comparing and reviewing information related to the procurement of construction materials of the time. For this, wooden and steel materials and tiles were analyzed by supply area, supply channel, type and price. From the results of the analysis, it is found that the government used both private and official channels to supply materials. In particular, except for wooden materials that could be supplied from Bongsan, the supply of materials showed a high dependency on private channels. In terms of steel, it was almost 30 percent cheaper through private channels than when purchased through the official channel. Finally, materials vulnerable to damage like tiles were manufactured from the areas near the construction site. From this fact it can be interpreted that the government had a flexible procurement system, including manufacturing on the spot and external suppliers,depending on the property of the material. It is expected these analytical results will serve as key data to understand the management factors in constructing HwaSeong.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.121-140
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• 2007

Seowon(書院) is a representing institution in Choseon Dynasty not only educationally but also politically and economically. Due to the artificial crackdown by Daewon-gun in 1871 and destruction by wars, it is difficult to restore and interpret the Seowon accurately at present. It is well known that the 'Basic Form' of the Seowon consists of an inner court, enclosed by the rear gangdang (lecture hall), dongseo-jae (east and west dormitory), and the front munlu (gate pavilion or upper story bower for relaxation), represented by so called 'front-dormitory rear-lecture-hall type', that is, 'jeonjae hudang(前齋後堂) type'. However, it is overlooked that this Basic Form is a product of Youngnam School located only in Youngnam area. A different form, of 'front-lecture-hall rear-dormitory type', or 'jeonndang hujae(前堂後齋) type' is located only in Gyeonggi, Hoseo and Honam area. It has been wrongly analyzed that the type is a result of the later period, emphasizing the memorial service rather than the lecture itself, and worshipping loyalists than Confucian scholars. Analysis encompassing each Seowon architecture has been mistakenly made by historians as "deterioration" of the original educational purpose of the Seowon from the early period to the later period. This paper raises the fact that the form of jeondang hujae type has been established since the early period of Seowon in the 16th Century. It has a unique order of space itself. Here, the lecture hall faces toward sadang (shrine). The inner court, enclosed by east and west jae and the lecture hall, becomes the outer yard of the shrine, and as a result two main spaces of the shrine and lecture area is merged into one. While the munlu of the basic type encloses the inner court of the main area, the munlu of jeondang hujae type is located at the vicinity area. This paper reinterprets the jeondang hujae type not as a form coming out of degenerated period but as a type that belongs to a different Confucian school, the area of Kiho, and concludes that the Seowon is a product of political struggles between the two schools and of the local economical situation. Each school has maintained his own type of form, therefore the remaining Kiho Seowon architecture can be reevaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2010

Palaces of a country can be representative aggregate of the culture and arts of the country. Palaces were used not only as a living place to protect kings and royal families and to live cultural lives, but also a political place to govern the country. Kings in Choseon founded the country on the Sung Confucianism, their philosophical background. They built Bangji and Wondo as constant reminders of their philosophy. Bangji is the most apparent characteristic in the palace gardens of the Choseon Dynasty. Finding out the original form of Jidang, restoring the original and passing it on to future generations can be passing on the spiritual culture of our ancestors. This study is done to find out or locate well preserved Jidang, transformed Jidang and lost Jidang in Changdeokgung, which is the best conserved palace of Choseon. This study is composed of Jidang which has been kept in its original state, transformed Jidang, locating lost Jidang and Jidnang which has been unearthed. The total number of Donggwoldo's Jidangs is 17; those that are kept in their original state, 4; transformed Jidangs, 5; Jidangs that were lost and have been located, 8; and newly appeared Jidangs, 2. From the results, opinions on restoration are presented. This study can be a small drop in the thin stream of tradition passing onto future generations in this world where knowledge and information are transported momentarily and the classification of culture and border is mixed, yielding vagueness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Beopseongpo has been one of the most thriving ports of the Jeolla region since the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). During the time of King Seongjong (r. 1469-1494) of Choseon Dynasty, a navy garrison had been deployed and the port was named Beopseongjin, as recorded in the 1485 edition of Grand code for state administration (Gyeongguk daejeon). Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been maintained by local residents since hundreds of years ago. Dangsan forests have been applied to the scale of government and public offices. The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of the "Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" as "Scenic Site No. 22", and to investigate the conservational problem of the wooded fortress of Beopseongjin and seashore. The "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" consists of a Dangsan forest and two Bibo forests. But, the presence of the Dangsan forest has not been well known to the public. Although the wooded fortress has been somewhat disturbed by cultural activities, the Dangsan rituals have been held until the present every January 15 by lunar calendar. On the other hand, the seashore in front of Beopseongpo plays an important role as a scenic view. It was one of the reason that the "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" had been designated as a national cultural property of "Scenic Sites". However, the sandbar was reclaimed in 2009 to build commercial buildings. An integrated plan should be prepared to conserve the landscape of "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang", which requires close partnership among local residents, experts, and local government. At present, four new buildings have been built. Although we have lost the sandbar, it is indispensable to secure the visibility of Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin at the entrance of the village.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2012

In recent years, the number of returnfarmer is increasing in Korea, interlinked with baby boomer's retirement. One of the returnfarmer's serious problems is the decision making for his returnfarm place. This study intends to get information about a ideal returnfarm place by interpreting Jung-Hwan Lee's written in the Choseon Dynasty, and to use it for returnfarmer's decision making as a lesson in the present age. In the results, this study could finds 8 evaluation criteria in his book except his 4 requirements for a ideal place to live : Ji-ri(地理, geographic), Saeng-ri(生理, physiology), In-sim(人心, popular mind), and San-su(山水, landscape), which are (1) distance from seoul, (2)multi-habitation, (3)convenient transportation, (4)a natural disaster, (5)thief(public order), (6)refuge from a war & escaping from a troubled society, (7)feeling from a place, and (8)Jang-gi(poison coming from earth).

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2012

Kim Deok-bang(金德邦)'s "Chimgu-kukbicho(鍼灸極秘抄)"(Secrets on acupuncture and moxibustion) hasn't been known throughout Korea yet, let alone its existence. Kim Deok-bang was the person who was taken to Japan as a prison during the Imjin war(Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592), and he is known to have initiated Japan's noted doctor Nagada Tokuhon(長田德本), who is comparable to Huh Jun in Korea, into the acupunctural method. Nagada Tokuhon healed many patients with the unusual blood-drawing method, which was one of the very unfamiliar scenes in Japan at that time. "Chimgu-kukbicho" shows that the very blood-drawing method was used for not a few medical treatments. This aspect can be said to be an unprecedented point of the acupunctural method in the first half of the Choseon Dynasty period as shown in "Chijong-jinam(治腫指南)" in our country, and from such a context, it is understood that the medical skills were widely distributed in Japan by Kim Deok-bang. This paper is going to lay a foundation for the argument hereafter related to this by including Provision 114 stating Kim, Deok-bang's acupunctural method like this.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.32-48
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• 2007

Korean traditional flower motifs have often been used in traditional embroidery on personal products and on decorations. The flower motifs seen on embroidery with a variety of techniques show the shapes and colors changing to more and more brilliant and colorful design. Even today the flower motifs in embroideries continue to be reinterpreted in both modern ways and also in traditional ways with their fancy beauty in the design industry. This research is based on documentary and demonstrative studies conducted to find out the formative properties of these motifs through and analyzing the shapes and colors of flower motif embroideries from the Choseon Dynasty as applied in developing modern designs in harmony with their traditional beauty. A summary of the research is as follows. First, the peony blossom appears the most, with its gorgeous flower shape. It was used in a variety of ways for decorative purposes as well as in wishing for wealth and harmony on clothes or on personal products. Second, the result of analyzing the flower motifs on embroidery shows that 'realistic-complex- flower patterns' and 'stylized-complex-flower patterns' are mostly seen. Third, many of the peony blossoms, chrysanthemums, and Japanese apricots were in a radial shape and front facing with stamens, and the lotus flowers were mostly shown on the lateral side. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the colors of the flower motifs on embroideries, a tendency is shown toward the R and RP colors of v, b tone and the shades YR, Y, GY, and G colors of lt and p tone.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-19
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• 2010

'Lu' is one of the Korean traditional building structure. The architectural characteristics of the 'Lu' can be classified two types with its use. One is single building type and the other is a part of building type within building complex. This study is about the two-storied 'Lu' that was built on part of building complex. 'Lu' built in building complex such like Sa-chal, Hyang-gyo, Seo-won, Jae-sil, has the similar characters. 1. It is built by taking slope site. 2. Ii is one of four buildings that forms court yard. 3. It uses simple building structure on the purpose of openness 4. It can control view with using window. The column type of 'Lu' can be classified with 3 style. These are $5{\times}2$ Kan style, $3{\times}2$ Kan style and $5{\times}3$ Kan style. It would be assumed with the result of study that $5{\times}2$ Kan style has its origin in Hoe-Rang structure, $3{\times}2$ Kan style is originated from Joong-Moon(middle gate) structure, and $5{\times}3$ Kan is originated from Kang-Dang structure.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.337-346
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• 2009

"Secret Works of Universal Benefit" was compiled by Lee Gyeonghwa(李景華, 1721-?) in Choseon Dynasty. Experience by Simple Formulae using Korean herbs in Secret Works of Universal Benefit was recorded Hangul name[鄕名], main medicinal effect and how to use etc. of 50 Korean herbs[鄕藥] to give aid to country people who didn't have medical knowledge. Secret Works of Universal Benefit have passed on traditional Korean medicine as selecting 50 Korean herbs and recording Hangul name. Though most of Experience by Simple Formulae using Korean herbs[鄕藥單方治驗] was quoted "Compendium of Matria Medica", it reflected developing of Korean traditional herb science[本草學] as selecting herbs, arranging frequent symptoms, changing main effect of herbs, and adding clinical experiences.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.61-78
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• 2010

Old Russian Legation(1890) has been attracted public attention in terms of politics and foreign affairs than architectural style because of conditions of location and historical incident. Though it was heavily damaged during the Korean war, and only the tower has been restored, it is very important in architectural history in Korea, because it is the oldest western style brick building which is existing with the old bishop's house in Myeong-Dong. But it has been impossible to reveal exactly the original form as there has been few reliable materials(picture, drawing, document) and it's remains were nearly destroyed owing to development of the surroundings. Recently the decisive document(site outline map) was found, and new research on the architect Sabatine was studied. So I can get into close with the original form by the results. In this study, I tried to conjecture the original form of the old Russian legation(the size, style, plan and indoor space, arrangement of attached facilities) and I checked the location and structure of the room where King Gojong stayed when he took refuge, and the use of the passage in the basement.