• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.496-501
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• 2023

Elongation of most bones occur at the growth plate through endochondral ossification in postnatal mammals. The maturation of chondrocyte is a crucial factor in longitudinal bone growth, which is regulated by a complex network of paracrine and endocrine signaling pathways. Here, we show that a phytochemical sulfuretin can stimulate hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. We found that sulfuretin stabilized nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), stimulated its transcriptional activity, and induced expression of its target genes. Sulfuretin treatment resulted in an increase in body length of zebrafish larvae and induced the expression of chondrocyte markers. Consistently, a clinically available Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), induced the expression of hypertrophic chondrocyte markers and increased the body length of zebrafish. Importantly, we found that chondrocyte gene expression in cell culture and skeletal growth in zebrafish stimulated by sulfuretin were significantly abrogated by Nrf2 depletion, suggesting that such stimulatory effects of sulfuretin were dependent on Nrf2, at least in part. Taken together, these data show that sulfuretin has a potential use as supporting ingredients for enhancing bone growth.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1251-1255
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• 2005

Articular cartilage is an important factor for studying the arthritic diseases. The chondrocyte isolated from cartilage has the characieristic of differentiation and rf-differentiation when cultured in monolayer The bee venom (BV) acupuncture was investigated to examine their abilities on chondrocyte re-differentiation via rabbit chondrocyte primary culture. And the expression profiles of type II collagen (COL2) was analyzed using RT-PCR and western hybridization at third passage chondrocyte. In general, the mRNA expression of type II collagen was reduced step by step with the subculture of the chondrocyte. However, after the BV treatment for 48hr at third passage, the expressions of type II collagen were found to be significantly up-regulated, the same result was confirmed by western blotting. These results suggested that the diluted solution of BV for herb-acupuncture was very effective on the recovery of articular chondrocyte phenotype.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 2010

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of chondrocyte re-differentiation in using ukmijihwang-Tang gamibang aqua-acupuncture. Methods In this study, chondrocytes were extracted from New Zealand white rabbit's knee joint, and cultured in monolayer after collagenase treatment. In the third passage, after the mRNA transcript of the type II collagen significantly reduced, diluted Yukmijihwang-Tang gamibang were added to cultured of chondrocyte, and its effect on the mRNA expression of type II collagen was quantitatively evaluated. Results As a result of treatment with Yukmijihwang-Tang gamibang in vitro for 48 hours, the mRNA expression of type II collagen was up-regulated. In addition, the result of H&E-staining in vivo indicated that chondrocyte-like tissues were formed in repairing injured cartilages after 12 weeks of treatment with Yukmijihwang-Tang gamibang. Conclusions These results indicated that Yukmijihwang-Tang gamibang was effective on the recovery of chondrocyte phenotype, and could be used for cartilage regeneration in arthritic diseases. However, more clinical study of Oriental medical treatment for this case might be also needed.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2008

Articular cartilage is a unique tissue with no vascular, nerve, or lymphatic supply. This uniqueness may be one of the reasons why chondral injuries will hardly heal and may progress to osteoarthritis over time. Currently, there are several surgical options for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions. Although there is some discrepancy as to which procedures work best in certain patients. The spectrum of treatment alternatives for articular cartilage defects can range from simple lavage and debridement, drilling, micro-fracturing, and abrasion to osteochondral grafting and autologous chondrocyte implantation. In 1984, for the first time, results of autologous chondrocyte implantation in a rabbit model were presented, showing hyaline cartilage repair. Clinical study using autologous cultured chondrocyte implantation in chondral defects of the human knee has been reported in 23 patients in 1994. In 14 out of 16 patients treated for chondral injuries on the femoral condyles, the results were good to excellent. It is important for the surgeon to understand the autologous chondrocyte implantation technique and to be aware on the postoperative management. Attention to surgical technique and selection of appropriate patient for the autologous chondrocyte implantation will provide with the best results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.154-157
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• 2002

A cyto-indentation technique was used to obtain the biomechanical compressive compliance property of an chondrocyte cell attached to glass surface, which was tried to generate joint cartilage by tissue engineering. Piezo-transducer system and dual photo-diode system were used to conduct mechanical indentation through displacement-controlled testing and the measurement of corresponding cell reaction force. The Poisson's ratio of 0.37 was quoted from other report. The compressive compliance of chondrocyte, that was determined by elastic contact theory, was 1.38${\pm}$0.057 kPa. This value is 30% higher than that of MG63 osteoblast-like cell. The cyto-indentation technique employed in this study is so precise that it can quantify the biomechanical property of single cell.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2015

Microfracture as a reparative strategy is the treatment of choice for an osteochondral lesion of talus. Although the results of microfracture are generally excellent, at least 30% of patients who received microfracture have acute or chronic ankle pain with several or unknown causes. The most important factor for unsatisfactory outcome after microfracture is the size of the lesion. For failed osteochondral lesion of talus, the second options are autologous osteochondral graft, autologous chondrocyte implantation, or re-microfracture. In this article, we present the autologous chondrocyte implantation as a second procedure for failed microfracture and compare its clinical outcome with other methods based on a literature review.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 2000

We tried to establish the culture method of the chondrocyte isolated from the epiphyseal cartilage and to investigate morphological changes of chondrocyte cultured with enzyme-digested costal cartilage, the perichondrium and experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbit. De novo chondrocyte pellets were prepared from epiphyseal plates by culturing isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes from 4 week. old rabbits. We morphologically assessed the cartilage formation of the chondrocyte culture with enzyme-digested costal carilage, the perichondrial culture, the cultured chondrocytes transplants into experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbits, the perichondrial culture, the cultured chondrocytes transplants into experimentally damaged meniscus of rabbit. In the 24 days, the epiphyseal chondrocytes maintained the typical phenotypes of the partial nodular cell formation. The 30 days cryopreserved chondrocytes showed abnormal and irregular shape. In the type II collagen added culture, the chondrocytes showed expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and small and large round-like vesicles of processes. In the type IV collagen added culture, the chondrocytes showed large perinuclear vaculoes and abundant well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum of processes. In the culture with enzyme- digested costal cartilage and the perichondrial culture, the chondrocytes showed a few swelling rough endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles. The cultured epiphyseal chondrocytes maintained typical phenotype and the chondrocytes were grown faster and maintained more typical phenotype in the type II and IV collagen added culture. The transformed chondrocytes secreted abundant extracellular matrix in the type II collagen added culture, and showed processes in the type IV collagen added culture. The perichondrial chondrocytes were grown faster and their implants were able to transplant. The cultured chondrocytes transplanted into experimentally damaged meniscus were adapted between the meniscus tissues. And the immunocyto-chemical reaction of the type II collagen of the chondrocytes were found to be maintained. The chondrocytes cultured cartilage. The chondrocytes secreted abundantly. The cultured chondrocytes transplanted into experimentally damaged meniscus changed immature cells into enlarged mature cells with extracellular secretion.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.38-43
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• 2009

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2006

Apoptotic death of articular chondrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been used for several years as a marker enzyme of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. This study investigated the activity of TRAP in media of apoptotic cell death-induced canine chondrocyte. We exposed canine chondrocyte to capsaicin and the results showed that capsaicin induced cell death in a dose dependent manner. And we measured TRAP activity in media of chondrocyte death induced by capsaicin treatment and the results capsaicin significantly increased the activity of TRAP in media for dose dependent. We also investigated whether the combination treatment with capsaicin and TRAIL enhance apoptotic cell death in canine chondrocyte. We exposed canine chondrocyte to capsaicin for 24 hrs at the indicated dose, and then treated with recombinant TRAIL protein for 24 hrs. TRAIL alone did not induce cell death after 24 hours, but the combined treatment of both induced more cell death compared with capsaicin alone in a dose dependent manner. Also, the combination treatment with capsaicin and TRAIL increased the activity of TRAP in culture media. These results suggest that TRAP can flow out into extracellular after chondrocyte damage, and TRAP may be a successful biomarker for detection of joint disease such as osteoarthritis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.739-748
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• 2020

Stringent regulation of the chondrocyte cell cycle is required for endochondral bone formation. During the longitudinal growth of long bones, mesenchymal stem cells condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. Epiphyseal chondrocytes sequentially differentiate to form growth-plate cartilage, which is subsequently replaced with bone. Although the importance of nuclear factor 1C (Nfic) in hard tissue formation has been extensively studied, knowledge regarding its biological roles and molecular mechanisms in this process remains insufficient. Herein, we demonstrated that Nfic deficiency affects femoral growth-plate formation. Chondrocyte proliferation was downregulated and the number of apoptotic cell was increased in the growth plates of Nfic^-/- mice. Further, the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 was upregulated in the primary chondrocytes of Nfic^-/- mice, whereas that of cyclin D1 was downregulated. Our findings suggest that Nfic may contribute to postnatal chondrocyte proliferation by inhibiting p21 expression and by increasing the stability of cyclin D1 protein.