• 한국영어학회지:영어학
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.103-116
• /
• 2004

Chomsky (2001) and Kitahara's (2002) suggestion that object shift occurs prior to movement of the νP-subject to SPEC-T is not on the right track with respect to the Merge operation. According to the Merge operation, TP is necessarily created earlier than CP. Chomsky (2001) suggests that the probe-goal relation between T and SUBJ is evaluated in the CP after it is known whether the position of as has become a trace losing its phonological content. However, the FocP is not a phase (CP). So, Chomsky (2001) and Kitahara's (2002) suggestion is not correct in the case of the movement of OBJ to the spec of Foc in English, either. The aim of this paper is to show that the νP-subject must move to SPEC- T prior to the consecutive movement of the wh-object to SPEC-C via object shift in English. This derivation obeys Chomsky's (2001) so-called probe-goal matching condition.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.127-143
• /
• 2009

Tough-construction is, undoubtedly, one of the most puzzling syntactic problems in the history of transformational grammar. Various approaches have been proposed including Deletion approaches (Akmajian, 1972; Lasnik and Fiengo, 1974) and movement approaches. Among the movement approaches, Chomsky (1977; 1981) argues for movement of null Operator, and Hornstein (2001) argues for a two-step movement equipped with Sideward movement. Most recently, Schueler (2004) and Hartman (2009) each have also argued for a kind of movement approach. With the development of the Minimalist syntax (Chomsky, 1995; Chomsky, 2000; Chomsky, 2001), tough-construction, an age old problem in the description of grammar, turns into another round toward to a more satisfactory answer. By examining the most recent competing analyses of tough-constructions, this paper defends and extends Schueler's (2004) analysis, rather than Hartman's (2009) two step movement approach. Furthermore, this paper proposes that tough-subject originates from the intermediate CP internal Spec-TopicP position rather than from the iterated CP layer (Authier, 1992). This approach has more descriptive power than it was originally argued for in Schueler (2004) and is a step closer toward Minimalism insofar as the conception of government is no longer utilized.

• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.161-178
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the expletives and EPP in Chomsky's(1998, 1999) Minimalism. Generalized EPP is suggested in Chomsky(1998): every functional head may have an uninterpretable selectional feature for its specifier position to be filled by a proper element. After briefly examining the properties of EPP and ${\Phi}$- features in Chomsky (1998, 1999), there-constructions are examined in terms of Agree. EPP features are satisfied by there-Merge or Move of an associate NP. Case feature is regarded as a reflex of ${\Phi}$-feature. Hence, it is suggested that there is a pure expletive with a [person] feature. It has shown that the uninterpretable [person] feature of there is not erased by the nonfinite T($T_{def}$) in terms of Agree in the Raising and ECM constructions. Again the uninterpretable [person] feature of there Agrees with finite T and moves to SPEC-T to satisfy the EPP feature, and finally the uninterpretable [person] feature of there is erased. PRT(=-en) is also regarded as a defective probe with a [number] feature and a [gender] feature.

• 철학연구
• /
• 제126권
• /
• pp.79-108
• /
• 2013

촘스키는 우리 인간은 특별한 언어적 하드웨어를 보편적으로 가지고 있다고 주장한다. 따라서 각자가 가지고 있는 실제적인 문법은 이러한 하드웨어의 점진적인 발달의 결과이다. 그러나 피아제에 따르면, 우리에게 선천적으로 주어진 하드웨어는 없다. 일체의 하드웨어는 보다 하위의 구조에서 점진적으로 구성된 결과이다. 따라서 피아제의 관점에서는 그 자체적으로 고정된 구조는 없다. 이렇게 하여 양자의 언어 이론에서 근본적인 차이는 언어 능력의 형성에 있어서, 환경이 갖는 지위 문제에 있다. 촘스키에 따르면, 언어 능력의 획득에 있어서 환경의 역할은 '격발요인'(triggering role)에 한정된다. 그러나 피아제에 있어서 환경은 언어 능력을 구성하게 하는 근본적인 '형성요인'(shaping role)이다. 양자의 입장 중에 누구의 입장이 정당한가를 판단하기 위해서는, 쟈크 모노(Jaques Monod)가 제안하듯이, 형이상학적 논의가 아니라, 하반신 불구인 아동(환경적 경험을 전혀 갖지 못하고 누워 있는 아동)을 실험군으로 삼고 정상적인 아동을 대조군으로 하는 실험을 통하여, 환경이 언어능력형성에 미치는 영향을 탐구해야 할 것이다. 그러나 이러한 작업을 수행하기 이전에 보다 더 중요한 문제는 양자의 언어이론이 사용하는 개념들에 대한 보다 정확한 분석이다. 달리 말하면, 양자가 사용하는 용어들의 사용법에 대한 보다 정확한 개념적 명료화가 이러한 실험적 연구 이전에 주어져야 할 것이다. 즉 성숙과정을 구성하는 요소는 정확히 무엇인가? 또한 이러한 성숙과정에 환경이 미치는 요소와 유전적인 요소를 구분할 수 있는 정확한 기준은 무엇인가? 그런데 우리가 잘 알고 있듯이, 우리들의 인성 및 특히 언어적 능력의 형성에 있어서, 유전적인 요소와 환경적인 요소를 구분할 수 있는 정확한 경계를 긋는 것은 불가능하다. 이런 점에서 양자의 대립은 이론상의 차이라기보다는 언어 사용의 차이에 기인하는 측면이 더 크다. 따라서 언어 능력의 본성을 정확하게 해명하기 위해서는, 언어 능력의 근원이 선천적인 것인가 구성적인 것인가와 같은 비생산적인 탐구를 지양하고, 촘스키의 통사론적 접근과 피아제의 인지론적 접근을 통합하면서 우선 언어 현상을 정확하게 기술하는 데 몰두해야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 양자의 언어이론의 장단점과 통합 가능성을 해명하고자 한다.

• 인지과학
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.109-142
• /
• 1990

Chomsky(1986b)가 제안한 장벽이론은 하위인접조건과 공범주원리를 장벽 이라는 하나의 개념으로 통합하려는 시도이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그의 장벽 이론은 의도한 목적을 달성하지 못하고 있다. 본고는 공범주원리가 이접적으로 적용되도록 하고, 어휘지배를 핵인가조건으로 재정의하고, 선행어지배를 선행어 조건으로 대치함으로써, 후자가 하위인접조건과 선행어지배를 동시에 포괄할 수 있도록 하였다.이러한 시도는 의문사구 섭제약, 복합명사구제약, 주어조건, 부가어조건 등을 적적하게 설명해준다. 이러한 시도에 전제되는 것은 IP와 함께 VP가 의문사구이동에서 뿐만아니라 명사구이동에 있어서 예외적 범주로 취급되는 것을 막기 위해 Chomsk가 제안한 이동이론을 수정하여 통사부의 이동규칙은 부가를 허용하지 않는 것으로 보았다.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.561-585
• /
• 2001

It has been claimed recently that the two computational operations Move and Agree of Chomsky (2000, 2001a) should be separated into distinct and independent operations. According to this view, Move is an “operation that applies only to meet an EPP-feature of a functional category.” It is also claimed under that analysis that “a candidate for Move is simply a syntactic object with phonetic content.” The purpose of this short paper is to show that the operation Move should still be viewed as composite; hence it must have the operation Agree as one of its prerequisites. We argue that the EPP feature of T may not be analyzed as an independent feature that triggers overt displacement in syntax. Under Chomsky's (2000, 2001a) theory, displacement in syntax must require the probe-goal (P, G) association before the actual movement takes place. It is shown in this paper that in order for an element $\beta$ to raise to the [Spec, T] position, the $\varphi$-features of T must establish a (P, G) relation with those of $\beta$ prior to movement. In short, Move requires Agree, the EPP feature being dependent on the minimal $\varphi$-feature [person] of nominals.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.317-335
• /
• 1994

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relation of the mentalistics linguistics and costume, and to clarify the relationship between language as psychological expressions and costume to understand the phenomena of human costume behavior more deeply and comprehensively. As for the analysis of he costume phenomena, Noam Chomsky's psychological linguistic theory were applied to costume system. In this respect, particularly, by means of Chomsky's later theory(1965), the costume behavior were analyzed. The followings are the findings of the analysis : 1. The Syntactic Component: (※ See Full-Text) 2. The Semantic Component. The costme behavior is similar to a language system. Just as one morpheme or a phrase and phrases make different sentences, so various methods wearing costume make different sentences, so various methods wearing costume make different forms is costume. Language and costume have dictionary entry showing the meaning of vocabulary, and rules combining the individual meaning of the dictionary entry to complete the sentence.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 1996

This paper proposes a derivational account of tensing and neutralization of obstruents in Korean within the theory of Government Phonology (GP) (Kaye, Lowenstamm and Vergnaud 1990, henceforth KLV; Park 1996). We begin by outling the relevant tensing and neutralization data in Korean. We point out several problems that need to be addressed in any account of these data. We then set out the central notions of GP, pointing out how adherence to the requirement that government relations remain constant throughout a derivation under the Projection Principle prevents a GP account of tensing and neutralization in Korean, which requires government relations to switch between lexical and phonetic representations. To address this problem, we propose abandoning the Projection Principle, extending lexical representations in GP along the lines of the Markedness Theory approach (Michaels 1989), and adopting the economy principles for derivation of the Minimalist approach (Chomsky 1993; Chomsky & Lasnik 1991). finally, we summarize the analysis of obstruent phenomena in Korean within GP extended in these ways.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2011

Treating genomes just as languages raises the possibility of producing concise generalizations about information in biological sequences. Grammars used in this way would constitute a model of underlying biological processes or structures, and that grammars may, in fact, serve as an appropriate tool for theory formation. The increasing number of biological sequences that have been yielded further highlights a growing need for developing grammatical systems in bioinformatics. The intent of this review is therefore to list some bibliographic references regarding the recent progresses in the field of grammatical modeling of biological sequences. This review will also contain some sections to briefly introduce basic knowledge about formal language theory, such as the Chomsky hierarchy, for non-experts in computational linguistics, and to provide some helpful pointers to start a deeper investigation into this field.

• 인문언어
• /
• 제8집
• /
• pp.175-198
• /
• 2006

Quite a few historiographers of language science have measured the applicability of the term 'revolution' toward the line of work initiated by Chomsky, with the conclusion to the positive or negative effect as the case may be. This paper starts out with a brief review of this issue, with an interim conclusion that, while Chomskyan linguistics may be regarded as revolutionary in certain aspects, terms like 'revolution' and 'paradigm' are hardly applicable here in the way they were originally intended by Thomas Kuhn. It can be said, nontechnically, that the model of theory under discussion is at once 'revolutionary' and 'evolutionary' - in the sense that revolutions in linguistics have not resulted in abrupt loss of continuity with past 'paradigms', if there were any such. Chomsky's theory of language plays the same role of consolidation and refinement of structuralism that, say, the neogrmmarians played in their day. It has continued some fundamental traits of its predecessor, recovered others, and unwittingly rediscovered still others. But this is not the main thrust of the present paper. For, even if Chomskyan theory were to be looked upon as straightforwardly 'revolutionary', that revolution has not been a felicitous one. Some critic (Pieter A. M. Seuren, to be specific) goes as far as to say that "largely as a result of Chomsky's actions, linguistics is now sociologically in a very unhealthy state $\cdots$ to the point even of threatening to make that whole school of linguistics intellectually irrelevant." Besides, under the present state of language science that strikes one as typical of what Kuhn has characterized as "pre-paradigmatic" insecurity and disharmony, an unhealthy situation might take place if we were to think of the theoretical disagreements as conflicts between 'incommensurable' viewpoints-between 'rival paradigms' as it were-thereby avoiding or evading rational discussion. Another danger concerns the bandwagon effect, with linguists prematurely boarding each novel theory seemingly destined for popularity, for fear of being left clinging to an outdated 'paradigm.' Here lies another reason why the notion of 'revolution', Kuhnian or not, might as well be put aside, in the historiography of linguistics at the least.