• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2022

Choline is a water-soluble organic compound that is important for the normal functioning of the body. It is an essential dietary component as de novo synthesis by the human body is insufficient. Since the United States set the Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline as dietary reference values in 1998, Australia, China, and the European Union have also established the choline AIs. Although choline is clearly essential to life, the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) has not established the values because very few studies have been done on choline intake in Koreans. Since choline intake levels differ by race and country, human studies on Koreans are essential to set KDRIs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to provide basic data for developing choline KDRIs in the future by analyzing data on choline intake in Koreans to date and reference values of choline intake and dietary choline intake status by country and race.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of plasma choline of Korean and to clarify the relationship between plasma choline concentration and choline intake. Plasma choline concentration of 30 young adults (15 males, 15 females) aged 20-30 years living in Deajeon metropolitan city are analyzed and their dietary choline intake. Choline content of one day meal was directly analyzed with the use of enzymatic method. Plasma choline concentration from more than 12 hr fasting blood was analyzed by using HPLC-MS. Choline intakes of male subjects were in the range of 253.51-1724.14 mg and those of female subjects were in the range of 240.85-938.06 mg. Mean intakes of choline were $634.53{\pm}353.68mg$ in male subjects and $473.99{\pm}183.76mg$ in female subjects. Plasma choline concentration of total subjects was in the range of 5.08-14.01 ${\mu}mol/L$. Mean plasma choline concentration was $9.19{\pm}2.05{\mu}mol/L$ in male subjects and $8.11{\pm}1.70{\mu}mol/L$ in female subjects. Plasma choline concentration did not show significant correlation with choline intake in male and total subjects, but showed positive correlation with choline intake in female subjects (p<0.05). This result shows that more studies on large scaled samples are needed.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 1995

CDP-choline is known as an intermediate of lecithin biosynthesis, and as an important drug for nervous diseases of the brain, For the bioconversion of CMP and choline to CDP-choline, ATP is required as an energy source. In these studies, the biosynthetic reaction of CDP-choline was coupled with ATP regenerating system by glycolysis. As a microorganism containing the highest conversion activity of CMP and choline to CDP-choline, Candida utilis ATCC 42416 was selected. The optimum reaction condition were 50mM choline chloride, 20mM CMP, 100mM potassium phosphate (pH8.0), 300mM glucose, 50mM MgSO4, 10% dried cells with shaking incubation at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The reaction was thus performed for 10 hours under the above optimum conditions. The concentration of CDP-choline was 16mM(80% in conversion ratio).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.255-264
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• 2008

본 연구는 반추위 보호 choline의 급여가 in vitro 반추위 발효특성과 착유우의 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험구 배치는 기초사료 첨가구(T1), 기초사료 +23 g/일 보호처리를 하지 않은 choline과 부형제 첨가구(T2) 및 기초사료+ 25.56 g/일 보호 choline 첨가구(T3)의 3처리로 하였다. 보호 choline의 첨가가 in vitro 배양액의 pH에 미치는 영향은 3시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 없었으며, ammonia 농도에 대한 보호 choline의 영향도 배양 9시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 없었다. 보호 choline의 첨가가 acetate 및 total-VFA 농도에 미치는 영향은 없었으며, propionate 및 butyrate 농도의 경우 배양 6시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 보호 choline 첨가의 영향도 없었다. 보호 choline의 급여로 착유우의 산유량과 유지방 및 유당 함량이 증가되었으나(p<0.05), 보호 choline의 급여가 착유우의 유단백질, 무지고형분, 총고형물, MUN, 체세포 수 및 지방산에 미치는 영향은 없었다. 따라서 반추위 보호 choline은 in vitro 반추위 발효에 대한 별다른 영향 없이 산유량과 유지방 및 유당 함량을 증가시키는데 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2015

Extraction of quaternary ammonium compounds (choline and betaine) from plant samples (spinach) using ion exchange resin (AG1, OH⁻ form) is a very simple and inexpensive approach. However, it is very hard to determine amounts of choline and betaine simultaneously using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. Unlike choline, betaine has low molar absorptivity in UV-visible (UV-Vis) region, which makes it difficult to carry out UV-Vis detection of betaine. The mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds (choline and betaine) was derivatized using 2-bromo acetophenone as a derivatizing agent. As a result, choline did not react with the derivatizing agent, whereas betaine formed a betaine derivative. This betaine derivative exhibited detectable UV absorption with baseline separation between choline and the betaine derivative. Thus, with this method, choline and betaine can be determined simultaneously by using the HPLCUV method through one-step derivatization, which is an easy, sensitive, and reliable method.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to clarify the efflux transport system of choline from brain to blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats using the brain efflux index (BEI) method. $[^3H]$Choline was micro-injected into parietal cortex area 2 (Par2) of the rat brain, and was eliminated from the brain with elimination halflife of 45 min. The BBB efflux clearance of $[^3H]$choline was about 124 mL/min/g brain, which was determined from combination of an elimination rate constant $(1.54X10^{-2}min^{-1})$ and the distribution volume in the brain (8.05 mL/g brain). The efflux of $[^3H]$choline was inhibited by unlabeled choline in a dose-dependent manner and was significantly inhibited by cationic substrates, such as hemicholinium-3 and tetraethylammonium (TEA). These results suggest that the BBB may act as an efflux pump for choline to reduce the excessive choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluid.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2010

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, donepezil and tacrine suggested to be mediated by choline transport system in our previous study. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the interaction of other AChE inhibitors, rivastigmine and galantamine with choline transporter at the BBB. The effects of rivastigmine and galantamine on the transport of choline by conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell lines (TR-BBB cells) were characterized by cellular uptake study using radiolabeled choline. The uptake of [$^3H$]choline was inhibited by rivastigmine and galantamine, with $IC_{50}$ values (i.e. concentration necessary for 50% inhibition) for 1.13 and 1.15 mM, respectively. Rivastigmine inhibited the uptake of [$^3H$]choline competitively with $K_i$ of 1.01 mM, but galantamine inhibited noncompetitively. In addition, the efflux of [$^3H$]choline was significantly inhibited by rivastigmine and galantamine. Our results indicated that the BBB choline transporter may be involved in a part of the influx and efflux transport of rivastigmine across the BBB. These findings should be therapeutically relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with AChE inhibitors, and, more generally, to the BBB transport of CNS-acting cationic drugs via choline transporter.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Background: Alzheimer's dementia is the most common dementia. However, recently, choline alfoscerate is prescribed for treating Alzheimer's dementia, although it is not a treatment for this disease. Purpose: To analyze the prescription patterns of choline alfoscerate as a dementia treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease and to analyze, as well as the factors affecting choline alfoscerate prescription. Method: The 2016 HIRA-NPS data was used in this study. The code of Alzheimer's dementia is F00 in the ICD-10 disease classification code. We analyzed the demographic, clinical, and regional characteristics associated with donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and choline alfoscerate prescriptions. All statistical and data analyse were conducted by SAS 9.4 and Excel. Results: For patients with Alzheimer's disease, choline alfoscerate was the second most prescribed after donepezil. Analysis results showed that choline alfoscerate was more likely to be prescribed to men than to women, and more likely to be prescribed by local health centers than by medical institutions. Moreover, choline alfoscerate was highly likely to be prescribed at neurosurgical departments, among medical departments. Conclusions: This study confirmed that choline alfoscerate was prescribed considerably for patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Further studies valuating its clinical validity should be performed to clarify whether choline alfoscerate prescription is appropriate for treating Alzheimer's dementia.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.249-253
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• 1984

Mutual diffusion coefficients of choline chloride were determined by using the diaphragm cell method in aqueous solutions of chondroitin sulfate A at $25^{\circ}C$. The diffusion coefficients of choline chloride in 0.1g/100ml, 0.5g/100ml and 1g/100ml respectively of chondroitin sulfate solutions were compared with those of binary systems of water-choline chloride. At low concentrations, the diffusion coefficients of the choline chloride in the presence of chondroitin sulfate were significantly smaller than the values obtained in the absence of chondroitin sulfate, indicating a strong interaction between these solutes. The effect of this interaction on the diffusion of choline ion is largest at higher chondroitin sulfate concentrations and at lower choline chloride concentrations. The influence of chondroitin sulfate is overcome at higher choline chloride concentrations. Self-diffusion coefficients of choline ion in the presence of chondroitin sulfate are also obtained. Excellent agreements were obtained between the experimental data and the calculated values obtained by using the Manning's equations. These observations suggest that the interaction between choline chloride and chondroitin sulfate involves primarily a long range electrostatic effect and there is no appreciable "condensation" or binding of choline ion to the chondroitin sulfate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline uptake in the human esophageal cancer cells. In addition, we examined the influence of various drugs on the transport of [$^3H$]choline, and explored the possible correlation between the inhibition of choline uptake and apoptotic cell death. We found that both choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNAs and proteins were highly expressed in esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE series). CTL1 and CTL2 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, respectively. Choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system, which is both $Na^+$-independent and pH-dependent. Choline uptake and cell viability were inhibited by various cationic drugs. Furthermore, a correlation analysis of the potencies of 47 drugs for the inhibition of choline uptake and cell viability showed a strong correlation. Choline uptake inhibitors and choline deficiency each inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity. We conclude that extracellular choline is mainly transported via a CTL1. The functional inhibition of CTL1 by cationic drugs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, CTL2 may be involved in choline uptake in mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis and DNA methylation. Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for esophageal cancer therapy.