• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2003

Objectives: CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) is known as the substance which decreases concentration of sarum lipid. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) on decreasing concentration of sarum lipid which are triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol in rat high cholesterol diet inducede hyperlipide rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, Normal group(supplied enough water and feeds only. Normal Group), high fat diet administered group(AIN-76 high fat diet #100496 used beef tallow for 4 weeks, Control Group) and CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) administered group(AIN-76 high fat diet #100496 used beef tallow and CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) extracts 85.0mg/200g 1time/day for 4 weeks. SS Group). Rats were sacrificed and concentration of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were measured in rat's sarum lipid Results: There was no significant difference in the level of waight between each experimental group(F=0.243, p=0.787, ANOVA test), Concentration of triglyceride has no significant difference in each group(F=0.210, p=0.813, ANOVA test). There was significant increase of total cholesterol in the Control group compared to those of Normal but there was no significant difference in the SS group compared to the Control group(F=5.237, p=0.0l9, ANOVA test). There was a significant increase of HDL-cholesterol in the SS group compared to the Control group and decrease in Control group compared Normal group(F= 11.437, p=0.001, ANDYA test). Concentration of LDL -cholesterol was significantly different in each group(F= 16.377, p=0.0001, ANDYA test). It was significantly increased in the Control group compared with the Normal group and it has no difference in the SS group compared to the control group. TBARS values(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) were significantly different in each group(F=5.242, p=0.0019, ANDYA test). It was significantly increased in the Control group compared with the Normal group and significantly decreased in SS group compared with the Control group. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is considered that CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) is effective in decreaseing concentration of sarum lipid in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemic rats.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the plasma LDL particle size and blood lipid profile, dietary factors and anthropometric values (body mass index, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio). The subjects were 173 adults aged 23 to 81 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using a 3-day food record and analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three groups by LDL particle size : type A (large buoyant LDL, > 25.5 nm, n=96), type I (Intermediate LDL,$25.2\leq-\leq25.5$ nm, n=18), and type B (small dense LDL, < 25.2 nm, n=59) groups. The type B group had higher age, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio (WHR) than the type A and type I groups. Serum concentration of triglyceride, Apo B, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index were significantly higher in the type B group as compared to those in the other two groups. HDL cholesterol level and Apo A-I/Apo B ratio were significantly lower in the type B group than the other two groups. The plasma LDL particle size was highly correlated with triglyceride (r= -0.450), Apo B (r= -0.402) and HDL cholesterol (r= 0.418). However, there was no correlation between plasma LDL particle size and dietary intakes. This study showed that small dense LDL was an important biochemical risk factor that was associated with other risk factors.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1255-1263
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• 1997

Sprague-Dawely계$(165{\pm}20\;g)$ 수컷 흰쥐를 난괴법에 따라 각 군당 6마리씩 C군(일반사료), 1G군(일반사료+1% 녹차물), L-1G군(돈지+1% 녹차물), L-3G군 (돈지+3% 녹차물), LC군(돈지+콜레스테롤), LC-1G군(돈지+콜레스테롤+l% 녹차물), LC-3G군(돈지+콜레스데롤+3% 녹차물) 등 7개군으로 나누어 고콜레스데롤을 초래하는 식이인 1% 콜레스테롤과 10 g의 라아드를 첨가한 식이와 함께 1%와 3% 농도의 녹차를 4주 동안 급여하여 혈청지질 및 콜레스테롤 수준과 간지방 침착정도을 조사하였다. 식이 평균 섭취량은 L-1G군, L-3G군, LC군, LC-1G군, LC-3G군은 C군과 1G군에 비해 전체적으로 낮았으며 녹차 평균 음용량은 모든군에서 $195.61{\sim}213.28\;mL$ 음용하여 증류수와 녹차의 농도에 따른 각 군간에는 차이가 없었다. 체중 증가량은 LC군 195 g으로 다른 모든군에 비하여 가장 높았고 특히 L-3G군 100 g에 비해서는 2배정도의 차이가 나타났다 식이효율은 LC군이 0.45로 모든군에 비해 높았으며 특히 1G군, LC-1G군에 비해 높았다. 혈청의 지질농도에서 TC수준은 LC군 68.67mg/dl, 1G군 48.33 mg/dl으로 LC군이 모든군에 비하여 높았으며 특히 1G군과는 차이를 나타냈다. 혈청의 HDL-C는 1G군이 61.00 mg/dl, L-lG군이 34.20 mg/dl로 1G 군이 TC수준과는 반대로 가장 높았으며(p<0.01) L-3G군, LC군, LC-1G군, LC-3G군이 비슷한 수준으로 낮았으나 C군과 L-1G군보다는 낮았다. HDL-C에 대한 TC의 비율은 1G군 0.79, LC군 1.68로 C군과 LC군에 비해 녹차를 음용한 1G군, LC-3G군, L-3G군, LC-1G군, L-1G군 순으로 낮았고 특히 HDL-C가 가장 높은 1G군이 낮았다. TG농도는 LC군 113.80 mg/dl로 모든 군에 비해 가장 높았으나 특히 3% 녹차 음용군인 L-3G군, LC-3G군은 낮았다. PL농도는 C군 152.00 mg/dl, LC군 148.67 mg/이, 1G군 119.00 mg/dl로 C군과 LC군은 모든 군에서 높았으나 특히 1G군과 LC-3G군은 낮았다. 간장의 총지질 함량은 LC군 8.16% 모든 군에서 높았으며 1G군이 3.68%로 가장 낮았다. 간조직의 지방침착 정도는 대조군은 oil red O 양성액포가 간소엽 전체에 매우 미약하고 작은 구상형태로 세포질에서 적색으로 관찰되어 거의 정상에 가까웠다. LC군은 모든 다른군의 oil red O 소견에 비해 양성 액포수도 많았고 액포의 크기도 가장 크게 나타나 지방침착이 심해졌음을 알 수 있었다. 이에 비해 즉차음용군은 oil red O 양성 액포수와 액포의 크기가 적어져 $55.6{\sim}75.7%$로 감소되어 지방침착의 감소경향을 보였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Trans fatty acids (TFAs), especially elaidic acid, formed during partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils have been shown to increase LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and decrease HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), thereby increasing the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and elevating the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, studies on the health effects of ruminant TFAs have suggested that these TFAs, which are primarily vaccenic acids, have no or inverse association with coronary heart disease. Thus, dietary recommendations or legislation for TFAs should consider the differences in the physiological effects of TFAs derived from various food sources. This present review recapitulates the progress in TFA research by analyzing recent epidemiological studies or intervention studies and comparing the cardiovascular health effects of industrially produced TFA and ruminant TFA.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2003

Fruits and vegetables reportedly have a protective effect against hyperlipidemia and oxidative disease. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the lipid-lowering effect and antioxidative capacity of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Male rats were fed a high-cholesterol (1% wt/wt) or high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lovastatin (0.02% wt/wt) or PLE (0.2% wt/wt) for 5 weeks. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the lovastatin group. However, the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol (%) were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. The PLE supplement also significantly lowered the contents of hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride. In comparing fecal sterol contents, the PLE group saw a significant increase of both neutral and acidic sterol compared to the other groups. The PLE supplement significantly lowered plasma GOT and GPT activity, which ave indices of hepatic toxicity. Plasma TBARS concentration was significantly lower in the PLE group than in the control group, while hepatic TBARS level was not significantly different between the groups. In a comparison of hepatic antioxidant parameters, SOD, catalase and GSH-Px activity were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the control group. However, the PLE supplement significantly towered antioxidant enzyme activity in the erythrocyte. Furthermore, these results suggest that supplementation of PLE promoted the excretion of fecal sterols, thereby leading to decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol. In addition, PLE may play an important role in regulating antioxidative capacities by altering SOD and ChT activity.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.312-318
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• 2000

대두(Glycin max Merrill) 배아의 기능적 활성을 조사하기 위하여 대두를 발아시켜 만든 배아(soybean sprout)을 시료로 하여 0.75% 콜레스테롤 첨가식이로 유발된 고지혈증 Sprague Dawley계 수컷의 흰쥐에 대두 배아의 유기용매 추출물을 급여시킨 후 혈청의 지질 개선효과를 알아보기 위하여 4주간 동안 대두 배아를 섭취시켰다. 식이 급여가 대조군의 체중 및 장기 무게에 미치는 영향은 거의 찾아볼 수 없었으며 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤의 농도는 대조군에 비하여 낮았고. 콜레스테롤 식이군에 비하여 콜레스테롤 식이와 대두 배아 메탄올 추출물의 혼합투여시 낮게 나타났다. 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤의 비는 대두 배아 추출물 급여군이 높게 나타났으며, 동맥경화 지수는 고콜레스테롤 식이군에 비하여 대두 배아 추출물이 낮았다. 또한 혈청중의 유리 콜레스테롤 및 고콜레스테롤 에스테르의 농도는 고콜레스테롤 식이군에 비해 대두 배아의 혼합 급여군이 감소하였고, 인지질의 농도도 콜레스테롤 식이군 보다 콜레스테롤 식이와 대두 배아 급여군이 낮은 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.510-515
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• 2001

본 실험에서는 0.5% 콜레스테롤과 0.25% 콜산나트륨을 첨가한 콜레스테롤 식이와 콜레스테롤 식이에 4.0% 수준의 버섯분말(Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus; 5 3:2, w/w/w) 첨가 식이를 female Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐에 4주동안 섭취시켜 지질농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도는 버섯분말 첨가 식이군에서 57% 감소하고, 혈청 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 230% 증가하여 동맥경화 지수가 68.4% 감소함으로써 버섯분말에 항동맥경화 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 간장 콜레스테롤 농도는 콜레스테롤 식이군에 비해 버섯분말 첨가식에서 24.7% 감소하였으나, 중성지질 농도는 50%의 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 본 실험의 결과 콜레스테롤 식이에 버섯분말의 첨가에 의해 혈증 콜레스테롤 농도 저하효과와 동시에 항동백경화 효과가 인정되어 버섯분말을 소재로 새로운 생리활성을 가지는 기능성식품개발의 가능성이 시사되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.685-694
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• 1998

This cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the changes of plasma cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors in Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Health practice factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency fo exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary habits and food preferences were also asked. Seventy eight percent of the subjects had more than one CVD risk factor. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and fasting blood glucose were significantly increased according to the subjects body mass index$(kg/m^2$, BMI), whereas HDL-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol and blood pressure showed no significant differences with BMI. Current smokers had significantly high plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Alcohol consumption significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar, but regular exercise had no effects on the plasma CVD risk factors. Overeating and frequency of fast food consumption were positively correlated with the CVD risk score, whereas intake of grains, meats and vegetables were negatively correlated with that score. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific dietary factors on plasma lipid levels. For plasma total cholesterol level, the frequency of fast food intake explained 8% of the variance, followed by habitual overeating, frequency of grain intake and high cholesterol food intake(Model $R^2$=22.4%). For plasma triacylglycerol level, preference of oily foods accounted for 7.5% of the variance, followed by eating breakfast, preference of fruit and frequency of grain intake(Model $R^2$=22.0%). The findings suggest that intervention programs to reduce the risk of CVD should focus on health practice through reducing BMI, smoking cessation and moderate or no alcohol drinking. Moreover, desirable dietary habits such as eating breakfast, not overeating and reduced intake of fast food may improve CVD risk.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.625-631
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• 1999

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of safflower seed powder on the improvement of lipid metabolism in high fat and high cholesterol fed rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats of 10 weeks old, weighing 325$\pm$5g, were divided into two groups; the control group(C group, high fat(10% lard) and high cholesterol(1% cholesterol)) and safflower seed group(S group, 10% safflower seed powder), they were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks. Food intake, body weight gains and organ weight had little differences between the groups. Concentration of lipoprotein in serum was remarkably lower in S group than in C group. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in S group(72.94$\pm$4.08 mg/dl) than in C group(89.41$\pm$4.19mg/dl). The level of serum HDL cholesterol was higher in S group than in C group. The level of serum LDL C was significantly lower in S group than in C group. The ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol were higher in the S group than in the C group, too. The value of atherogenic index(AI) was determined to be low in S group. The content of liver triglyceride and cholesterol in the S group was lower than that of C group. ACAT activities which involves in cholesterol esterification in liver, was not significantly different between two groups.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study to determine dietary intake and plasma triglyceride total cholesterol LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of 185K Korean men was conducted across three different age groups The younger group (age 21 to 34) was significantly (p<0.001) taller but showed lower (p<0.05) percent body fat than the older group (age 45 to 60) Weight and body mass index was not different among age groups. Older men showed significantly(p<0.01) lower energy and total fat intake than younger men Besides macronutrients, most participants consumed an adequate amount of micronutrients but calcium consumption of the middle age group (age 35 to 44) was less than 75% of RDA In older men plasma triglyceride(207.8$\pm$155.5 mg/dl) total cholesterol (201.4$\pm$40.0 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol(106.0$\pm$32.7 mg/dl) concentrations were significantly hight(p<0.001) than in younger men wereas no significant difference was observed in HDL-cholesterol concentration Subjects with a higher BMI(bMI$\geq$25.0) showed significantly higher (p<0.001) triglyceride(200.2$\pm$107.6 mg/dl) total cholesterol(211.0$\pm$40.1 mg/dl) LDC-cholesterol(118.16$\pm$35.5 mg/dl) concentrations and lower(p=0.001) HCL-cholesterol concentration (52.8$\pm$15.9 mg/dl) than subjects with lower BMI(BMI<23.0) Dietary intake of fat cholesterol did not show significant associations with any of the plasma lipid profiles. However, anima fat intake was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the older age group. On the hand percent body fat was correlated (p<0.05) with all of the plasma lipid and lipoprotin concentrations examined for all age groups Results indicate both dietary intake and percent body fat are important determinants of the plasma lipid concentrations is the elderly but only percent body fat or body mass could be valid predictors for the plasma lipid concentrations of the younger age group.