• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.11 no.1 s.30
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• pp.3-14
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• 2006

Music summarization means a technique which automatically generates the most importantand representative a part or parts ill music content. The techniques of music summarization have been studied with two categories according to summary characteristics. The first one is that the repeated part is provided as music summary and the second provides the combined segments which consist of segments with different characteristics as music summary in music content In this paper, we propose and evaluate two kinds of music summarization techniques. The algorithm using multi-level vector quantization which provides a repeated part as music summary gives fixed-length music summary is evaluated by overlapping ration between hand-made repeated parts and automatically generated summary. As results, the overlapping ratios of conventional methods are 42.2% and 47.4%, but that of proposed method with fixed-length summary is 67.1%. Optimal length music summary is evaluated by the portion of overlapping between summary and repeated part which is different length according to music content and the result shows that automatically-generated summary expresses more effective part than fixed-length summary with optimal length. The cluster-based algorithm using 2-D similarity matrix and k-means algorithm provides the combined segments as music summary. In order to evaluate this algorithm, we use MOS test consisting of two questions(How many similar segments are in summarized music? How many segments are included in same structure?) and the results show good performance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2015

This study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 in the middle region of Korea to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage production, and quality of kenaf, maize, and a sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. The three crops used in this study were kenaf "Hongma 300," maize "Kwangpyeongok," and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid "Jumbo" (headless type). The sugar contents of the kenaf, maize, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 5.4%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. The emergence rates and lodgings of the three crops were sound, as they were more than 80% and 1.5, respectively. The fresh yields of kenaf, maize, and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 117,521 kg/ha, 73,336 kg/ha, and 133,334 kg/ha, respectively, and the dry matter (DM) yields were 28,598 kg/ha, 19,951 kg/ha and 20,083 kg/ha, respectively. The DM yield of kenaf was significantly the highest among the three crops (p<0.05). However, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 43.3 %, 72.0 %, and 54.8 %, respectively, and the in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) yields were 44.4%, 73.7%, and 59.6 %, respectively; therefore, the TDN yield of the corn was 13 % significantly higher than that of the kenaf (p<0.05). The TDN yields of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 12,472 kg/ha, 14,350 kg/ha, and 11,001 kg/ha, respectively. Among the three crops, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were highest in the kenaf. This study shows that the kenaf had a good forage productivity but a low forage quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2004

In radiotherapy of tumors in liver, enough planning target volume (PTV) margins are necessary to compensate breathing-related movement of tumor volumes. To overcome the problems, this study aims to obtain patients' body movements by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor, and to develop respiration gating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using reversed values of the data obtained. The phantom made to measure patients' body movements is composed of a microprocessor (BS II, 20 MHz, 8K Byte), a sensor (Ultra-Sonic, range 3 cm ${\sim}$3 m), host computer (RS232C) and stepping motor (torque 2.3Kg) etc., and the program to control and operate it was developed. The program allows the phantom to move within the maximum range of 2 cm, its movements and corrections to take place in order, and x, y and z to move successively. After the moving phantom was adjusted by entering random movement data(three dimensional data form with distance of 2cm), and the phantom movements were acquired using the ultra sonic sensor, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using guinea pigs, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the reversed values of the data. The result of analyzing the acquisition-correction delay time for the three types of data values and about each value separately shows that the data values coincided with one another within 1% and that the acquisition-correction delay time was obtained real-time (2.34 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$sec). This study successfully confirms the clinic application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a moving phantom and an ultra sonic sensor. With ongoing development of additional analysis system, which can be used in real-time set-up reproducibility analysis, it may be beneficially used in radiotherapy of moving tumors.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 2007

This study surveyed on the actual conditions of using sanitizers and disinfectants for improvements of sanitization on food utensils at 105 school and 20 industry foodservice operations. The questionnaire which was administered to 125 foodservices was used as a mail or visitation method. The answers of asking "Perception on temporary authorization system of sanitizers and disinfectants on food utensils" were 75% in contract managed school foodservices, 81.8% in self operated school foodservices, and 50% in industry. Main factors to choose sanitizers were sterilizing power (38.6%, 28.6%, 38.9%) and safety (32.6%, 46.1%, 33.3%) at every foodservices. Keeping ratio of sanitizers and disinfectants guidelines in contract managed school, self operated school and industry foodservices were 64.8%, 52% and 73.7%, respectively. If easy and practical guideline is developed, most foodservices replied to use if for disinfection of foodservices. Most of the foodservices were not only knowing sanitizers and disinfectants but also possessing a guideline. However, they didn't perform disinfection according to the guideline due to its complexity. Consequently, we suggest that it is necessary to provide an easy and practical "sanitizers and disinfectants guideline" and useful information.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2015

Purpose : External markers respiratory movement measuring device (RPM; Real-time Position Management, Varian Medical System, USA) Liver Cancer Radiation Therapy Respiratory gated with respiratory signal with irradiation time and the actual research by analyzing the respiratory phase with the breathing motion measurement device respiratory tuning evaluate the accuracy of radiation therapy Materials and Methods : May-September 2014 Novalis Tx. (Varian Medical System, USA) and liver cancer radiotherapy using respiratory gated RPM (Duty Cycle 20%, Gating window 40% ~ 60%) of 16 patients who underwent total when recording the analyzed respiratory movement. After the breathing motion of the external markers recorded on the RPM was reconstructed by breathing through the acts phase analysis, for Beam-on Time and Duty Cycle recorded by using the reconstructed phase breathing breathing with RPM gated the prediction accuracy of the radiation treatment analysis and analyzed the correlation between prediction accuracy and Duty Cycle in accordance with the reproducibility of the respiratory movement. Results : Treatment of 16 patients with respiratory cycle during the actual treatment plan was analyzed with an average difference -0.03 seconds (range -0.50 seconds to 0.09 seconds) could not be confirmed statistically significant difference between the two breathing (p = 0.472). The average respiratory period when treatment is 4.02 sec (${\pm}0.71sec$), the average value of the respiratory cycle of the treatment was characterized by a standard deviation 7.43% (range 2.57 to 19.20%). Duty Cycle is that the actual average 16.05% (range 13.78 to 17.41%), average 56.05 got through the acts of the show and then analyzed% (range 39.23 to 75.10%) is planned in respiratory research phase (40% to 60%) in was confirmed. The investigation on the correlation between the ratio Duty Cycle and planned respiratory phase and the standard deviation of the respiratory cycle was analyzed in each -0.156 (p = 0.282) and -0.385 (p = 0.070). Conclusion : This study is to analyze the acts after the breathing motion of the external markers recorded during the actual treatment was confirmed in a reproducible ratios of actual treatment of breathing motion during treatment, and Duty Cycle, planned respiratory gated window. Minimizing an error of the treatment plan using 4DCT and enhance the respiratory training and respiratory signal monitoring for effective treatment it is determined to be necessary.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.17-26
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between assessment measurements of knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Methods : Data on assessment measurements of knee osteoarthritis and obesity were obtained from 63 patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis from February to April, 2005. The assessment measurements consisted of BMI (body mass index), WHR (waist-hip ratio), two disease-specific questionnaires (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) index and Lequesne's Functional Severity Index (LFI)), one generic instrument (Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire (KHAQ)), and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). Statistical correlations among assessment measurements were evaluated by examining the Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results : 1. The sexual ratio in this study was 1: 5.3 (male: female= 10: 53). The average age of all patients was $59.1{\pm}6.6$ (male: $58.3{\pm}7.1$, female: $59.2{\pm}6.5$), and the group of 60-69 (34 patients, 54%) was biggest in the age distribution. 2. The average BMI of all patients was $25.4{\pm}3.1\;kg/m^2$ (male: female= $23.6{\pm}2.6\;kg/m^2:\;25.8{\pm}3.0\;kg/m^2$), and the group of $20-25\;kg/m^2$ was biggest in the BMI distribution. According to clinical definition of obesity by WHO (1997), 52.4% of all patients was within normal weight, 42.9% was overweight, and 4.8% was obese. 3. The average WHR of all patients was $0.91{\pm}0.06$ (male: female= $0.90{\pm}0.05:\;0.92{\pm}0.06$). According to definition of abdominal obesity, 73.0% of all patients (46 patients were all female) was in the state of abdominal obesity. 4. There were no significant correlations in statistics among assessment measurements except between BMI and WHR. Conclusion : Though there is significant correlation between knee osteoarthritis and obesity according to many clinical and experimental researches, there is no assessment measurement reflecting knee osteoarthritis and obesity simultaneously. For this, further studies on correlation between knee osteoarthritis and obesity and development of assessment measurement or questionnaire on this are needed.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2008

Accounting for tumor motion in treatment planning and delivery is one of the most recent and significant challenges facing radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation and clarified the relationship between the motion of an external marker using the Real-Time Position Management (RPM) System and an internal organ motion signal obtained fluoroscope. We enrolled 10 patients with locally advanced lung cancer and liver cancer, retrospectively. The external marker was a plastic box, which is part of the RPM used to track the patient's respiration. We investigated the quantitatively correlation between the motions of an external marker with RPM and internal motion with fluoroscope. The internal fiducial motion is predominant in the caraniocaudal direction, with a range of $1.3{\sim}3.5cm$ with fluoroscopic unit. The external fiducial motion is predominant in the caraniocaudal direction, with a range of $0.43{\sim}2.19cm$ with RPM gating. The two measurements ratio is from 1.31 to 5.56. When the regularization guided standard deviation is from 0.08 to 0.87, mean 0.204 cm, except only for patients #3 separated by a mean 0.13 cm, maximum of 0.23 cm. This result is a good correlation between internal tumor motion imaged by fluoroscopic unit and external marker motion with RPM during expiration within 0.23 cm. We have demonstrated that gating may be best performed but special attention should be paid to gating for patients whose fiducials do not move in synchrony, because targeting on the correct phase difference alone would not guarantee that the entire tumor volume is within the treatment field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1003-1007
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• 2013

In this study, the antibacterial activities of selected barleys (UB, unhulled barley; PB, pearl barley; and NB, naked barley) and wheat (WG, wheat with germ and endosperm) extracts were evaluated against the food-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1927, Escherichia coli KCTC 2593, Salmonella Typhimurium KCTC 2054, and Bacillus cereus KCTC 1014. The amount of the antibacterial biomarker, 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), present in selected barleys and wheat, was measured by HPLC. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of samples was determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. WG ($22.35{\pm}0.04mm$) was found to be highly inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus followed by UB ($17.91{\pm}0.10mm$), PB ($16.87{\pm}0.05mm$), and NB ($15.69{\pm}0.20mm$). The antibacterial activity of the selected grains was correlated with antioxidant activities and the amount of DMBQ (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.7831). The antioxidant activity of the selected grains was also correlated with the total phenolic content (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.9934). WG extract showed significantly higher antibacterial activity, compared with barley extracts such as UB, PB, and NB. The results of this study suggest that barley has a potential in the development of natural antimicrobials and food preservatives for controlling food-borne pathogens.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.132-138
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• 2009

Studies on target motion in 4-dimensional radiotherapy are being world-widely conducted to enhance treatment record and protection of normal organs. Prediction of tumor motion might be very useful and/or essential for especially free-breathing system during radiation delivery such as respiratory gating system and tumor tracking system. Neural network is powerful to express a time series with nonlinearity because its prediction algorithm is not governed by statistic formula but finds a rule of data expression. This study intended to assess applicability of neural network method to predict tumor motion in 4-dimensional radiotherapy. Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm was employed as a learning algorithm. Considering reparation data for 10 patients, prediction by the neural network algorithms was compared with the measurement by the real-time position management (RPM) system. The results showed that the neural network algorithm has the excellent accuracy of maximum absolute error smaller than 3 mm, except for the cases in which the maximum amplitude of respiration is over the range of respiration used in the learning process of neural network. It indicates the insufficient learning of the neural network for extrapolation. The problem could be solved by acquiring a full range of respiration before learning procedure. Further works are programmed to verify a feasibility of practical application for 4-dimensional treatment system, including prediction performance according to various system latency and irregular patterns of respiration.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2010

Purpose: Recently, after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation in preterm infants, unexplained hemodynamic instabilities are reported. To determine the incidence, risk factors and clinical manifestations of hemodynamic instability after PDA ligation in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study enrolled 18 VLBW infants who underwent PDA ligation from January 2002 to February 2008. Hemodynamic instability defined as unexplained cardiopulmonary dysfunction with increased dependency on mechanical ventilation and decreased blood pressure. Results: The mean gestational age and birth weight (BW) of all infants were $27^{+6}{\pm}1^{+6}$ weeks and 951${\pm}$245 g. Hemodynamic instability group (HI) included seven infants (39%) and hemodynamic stability group (HS) included 11 infants (61%). Compared to HS, HI had lower BW (1,033${\pm}$285 g vs. 821${\pm}$126 g, P=0.048) and weight on operation day (1,195${\pm}$404 g vs. 893${\pm}$151 g, P=0.042), longer hospital days (105${\pm}$29 vs. 141${\pm}$39, P=0.038), more severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), (no/mild/moderate/severe, 2/5/2/2 vs. 0/1/2/4, P=0.038) and higher preoperative $FiO_2$ (0.29${\pm}$0.06 vs. 0.38${\pm}$0.09, P=0.02). One case of mortality due to sepsis, which was not associated with ligation, was observed among HS. Conclusion: The incidence of hemodynamic instability after PDA ligation in VLBW infants was 39%. Low BW, low weight on operation day and preoperative high $FiO_2$ might be risk factors of hemodynamic instability after PDA ligation in VLBW infants. The hemodynamic instability could increase the severity of BPD and hospital days.