• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.368-373
• /
• 1996

Korean general medicinal herbs-sasam, gilkyung, jakyak, danggwi, hwangki, and chunkung-were added In the normal brewing procedure as a raw material or in the distilling procedure as a packing material. The distillates from the former procedure and those from the latter procedure were compared in quality and distillation properties. As distillation proceeded, pH of the medicinal herb wine distillate and the control(not added herbs) distillates were decreased, whereas that of the herb packing distillate was increased slowely of $0.05{\sim}0.97$ during $1{\sim}4$ fractions and decreased remarkably of $0.92{\sim}0.98$ afterward. Average pH was the highest of 5.70 in jakyak and lowest of 4.37 In gilkyung. Absorbances of the herb Packing distillate were decreased rapidly of $0.60{\sim}1.59$ in the $1{\sim}4$ fractions but slowely of $0.19{\sim}0.54$ in the next fractions. During distillation both fractional alcohol concentration of the distillates and distillation rate were decreased. Their values were decreased more slowly than the control. Distillation rates of medicinal herb wine distillate were varied by medicinal herb varieties and alcohol concentration of fermented wine. Danggwi and control showed the highest average distillation rate as $0.12\;m{\ell}/sec$ and gilkyung the lowest value as $0.073\;m{\ell}/sec$. Maximum concentration of index component, paeoniflorin of jakyak was observed as 293 mg% in the 5th fraction of herb packing distillate and decrusin of danggwi as 3514 mg% In the 1st fraction of herb packing distillate. The extraction rate was 41.3% for paeoniflorin and 20.5% for decrusin. From sensory evaluation, the highest overall Qualify was observed in the medicinal herb wine distillate of hwangki added wine, the next in those of danggwi and jakyak added wine.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 2006

Based on the data of cervical cancer patients who were treated by the radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy at the radiation oncology department of National Cancer Center from January 2002 to February 2003, we have studied the method recommended by ICRU 38 to maximize the prescription dose to the planing target volume (PTV) with minimizing the dose to surrounding normal organs. Clinical stage of the patients are 1 patient for stage IB, 3 patients for IIA, 19 patients for IIB, 3 patients for IIIA, 3 patients for IIIB and 1 patient for IV. All patients took the MRI before treatment and the maximum size of the gross tumor volume were under 4cm for 17 patients and from 4 cm to 6 cm for 12 patients and above 6 cm for 1 patient. The results show that while the irradiated volume can be reduced with optimized dose distribution using PTV treatment planning (p<0.0001) when the remained tumor size is small, the surrounding normal organs will receive unnecessarily large dose when the irradiated tumor volume is relatively large. This is because there is some limitation in controling the intensity of radiation in Fletcher Williamson Applicator. To overcome the limit of applicator and to achieve the optimal dose distribution, we have virtually applied 4 needles with Fletcher Williamson Applicator for 10 patients who have relatively large tumor and studied the change in dose distribution before and after application. The results show that this new virtual treatment plan reduces the volume covered by 100 % isodose (p=0.0608, p=0.0607) and reduces the dose of normal organs (p=0.0162, p=0.008). This evidence suggest that this method is superior than the currently used method such as PTV treatment and ICRU treatment.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2013

For radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients treated with small bowel displacement device (SBDD) and belly board, We will suggest new indication of using SBDD depending on obesity index by analyzing correlation between obesity and irradiated small bowel volume. In this study, We reviewed 29 rectal cancer patients who received pelvic radiation therapy with belly board and SBDD from January to April in 2012. We only analyzed those patients treated with three-field technique (PA and both LAT) on 45 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx). We measured patients' height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and divided BMI into two groups.(${\geq}23$:BMI=group1, <23:BMI=group2) We performed a statistical analysis to evaluate correlation between total volume of bladder($TV_{bladder}$), obesity index and high dose volume of small bowel (small bowel volume irradiated at 90% of prescribed dose, $HDV_{sb}$), low dose volume of small bowel (small bowel volume irradiated at 33% of prescribed dose, $LDV_{sb}$). The result shows, gender, WHR and status of pre operative or post operative do not greatly affect $HDV_{sb}$ and $LDV_{sb}$. Statistical result shows, there are significant correlation between $HDV_{sb}$ and BMI (p<0.04), $HDV_{sb}$ and $TV_{bladder}$ (p<0.01), $LDV_{sb}$ and $TV_{bladder}$ (p<0.01). BMI seems to correlate with $HDV_{sb}$ but does not with $LDV_{sb}$ (p>0.05). There are negative correlation between $HDV_{sb}$ and BMI, $TV_{bladder}$ and $HDV_{sb}$, $TV_{bladder}$ and $LDV_{sb}$. Especially, BMI group1 has more effective and negative correlation with $HDV_{sb}$ (p=0.027) than in BMI group2. In the case of BMI group 1, $TV_{bladder}$ has significant negative correlation with $HDV_{sb}$ and $LDV_{sb}$ (p<0.04). In conclusions, we confirmed that Using SBDD with belly board in BMI group1 could more effectively reduce irradiated small bowel volume in radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Therefore, We suggest using belly board with SBDD in order to reduce the small bowel toxicity in rectal radiotherapy, if patients' BMI is above 23.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.246-253
• /
• 1988

This survey was carried out to obtain the basic information for the stable high yield of income-crops. Cropping systems, soil morphological and chemical properties were investigated. The obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. In Jinan and Jangsu, cultivated area of radish was 76.5% and.65.4%, respecitively, but in Unbong Chinese Cabbage, 71.1%, by second Crop. 2. In topographycal distribution, the mountain foot slope area in Jinan, Jangsu and Unbong was 69, 77 and 85%, respectively. In the distribution of elevation, semi-Alpine region in Jinan and Unbong was 85 and 69%, respectively, but Alpine region in Jangsu was 62%, of cultivated area. 3. Ploughing depth was 0 to 10 cm in Jinan and Jangsu, and 11 to 15cm, in Unbong. Gravel content class was 4th class in Jinan and 3rd class in Jangsu and Unbong. 4. For the distribution of soil types, normal upland came to 69.2% in Unbong, sandy and skeletal upland, 46.1 % and normal and sandy upland, 39 and 38%, respectively, in Jangsu. 5. The uplands soil classified as the 5th class, with improper for adequate cropping were. 6. For the chemical properties according to topography available phosphate $(-0.344^*)$, Ca $(-0.398^*)$, K $(-0.485^{**})$ and CEC $(-0.325^{**})$ showed the negative significancy with the elevation. 7. Among the variations of chemical properties by continuous cropping, the soil pH $(-0.491^{**})$ and the content of organic matter $(-0.434^{**})$, Ca $(-0.705^{**})$, CEC $(-0.512^{**})$, total nitrogen $(-0.559^{**})$ showed the high negative correlations, while the contents of available phosphate $(0.671^{**})$ and K $(0.543^{**})$ showed the high positive correlations, with the number of years of continuous cropping.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil physical characteristics on rhizome rot incidence of platycodon. Sampling sites were Keochang 4, Kimhae 7, Haman 6, Chinju 6 and Koseong 3 fields in Kyongnam province and Hongcheon 6 fields in Kangwon province. The root disease incidence rate was correlated with soil depth Y=-0.747X+88.19($R^2=0.394^{***}$), soil hardness Y=4.36X+8.93($R^2=0.201^*$), bulk density Y=104.7X-80.99($R^2=0.295^{**}$), clay content Y=1.24X+14.14($R^2=0.196^*$), porosity Y=-3.11X+215.9($R^2=0.220^*$) and silt content Y=-0.75X+67.85($R^2=0.178^*$). The yield was correlated with soil depth Y=0.263X+0.971($R^2=0.105^*$), clay content Y=-0.688X+32.74($R^2=0.158^*$), porosity Y=1.974X-93.19($R^2=0.231^{**}$) and silt content Y=53.05X-108.65($R^2=0.232^*$), The optimum cultivated land of perennial platycodon was soil depth over 1m, soil hardness under $5kg\;cm^{-2}$, bulk density $1.0Mg\;m^{-3}$, moisture content 13~17%. clay content 5~10%, porosity 58~63%, silt content 38~64% and soil texture of silt loam.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2000

Management of phosphorus availability in the plastic film house soils in Korea merits attention because salts have been accumulated for last decades due to the heavy application of fertilizers and intensive cropping practices. In an attempt to characterize the P availability, available phosphorus contents and electrical conductivity of the saturated extracts ($EC_e$) were measured for soils collected from the 169 plastic film houses in Kangwon-do. Soil phosphorus contents were analyzed by methods of Lancaster, Bray No. 1, Olsen, Truog, water extractable and saturation extracts. Phosphorus concentrations in the saturated extracts of the plastic film house soils ranged from 0.02 to $34mg\;L^{-1}$, with the average of $8mg\;L^{-1}$. The available $P_2O_5$ of the soils ranged from 136 to $3,689mg\;Kg^{-1}$, with the average of $1,261mg\;Kg^{-1}$. The water soluble $P_2O_5$ ranged from 2 to $118mg\;L^{-1}$, with the average of $39mg\;L^{-1}$. A significant correlation existed between saturation extract P (Y) and available $P_2O_5$ (X) [Y = -5.075 + 0.018X, $r=0.662^{***}$] indicating $1.0mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ of in the saturated extract was equivalent to $337mg\;Kg^{-1}$ of the available $P_2O_5$ by Lancaster method. Electrical conductivity of the saturated pastes ($EC_e$) was highly significantly correlated with EC (1:5), yielding the slope of 12.2 for the coarse textured plastic film house soils. Results of higher concentrations of available P in soil solution and dilution factor of 12.2 for $EC_e$ demonstrate that a special care must be taken in terms of fertilizer management and data interpretation for soils under this specific condition.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 2011

Cover crop can be used to suppress weeds by competition for light and nutrient. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of legume cover crops on change of weed community in no-till corn cultivation. Two legume cover crops, hairy vetch and crimson clover were grown in the field, and succeeding corn was sown on 4 May, 2010. The distribution of weed was surveyed at 15 April, 1 June, and 20 August. At 15 April, the weed biomass in hairy vetch field was higher than in crimson clover field. The dominant weeds were Capsella bursa-pastoris L. and Stellaria aquatica L. in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. At vegetative stage of corn, occurred weeds in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields were four and six species, respectively, while the weed was occurred with nine species in conventional. Also the dry weight of weed was decreased by 82 and 75% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields compared to conventional. On the other hand, after harvest of corn, occurred weed in hairy vetch, crimson clover and conventional was five, four and five species, respectively. Dry weight percentage of occurred weed in conventional was 23.5%, and the value was higher than 13.8 and 14.7% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. Stellaria aquatica L. as winter annual weed only occurred in cover crop field during corn growing season. It is these possibilities that low soil temperature and light interception by soil cover of legume cover crop.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.139-143
• /
• 2006

Virion captured reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (VC/RT-PCR) could detect plant virus quickly and accurately. In the VC/RT-PCR, no antibody is needed unlike immuno-captured RT-PCR (IC/RT-PCR) which had been improved method of RT-PCR for plant viruses, and virus nucleic acids can be obtained easily within 30minutes by property of polypropylene PCR tube which is hold and immobilized viral particles on its surface. For the virion capture of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the extraction buffer was tested. The optimum macerating buffer for TSWV was 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium sulfite. The viral crude sap was incubated for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. The virions in the PCR tubes were washed two times with 0.01M PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The washed virions were treated at $95^{\circ}C$ immediately for 1 min containing RNase free water and chilled quickly in the ice. Disclosed virions' RNAs by heat treatment were used for RT-PCR. Dilution end point of $10^{-5}$ from plant's crude sap infected with TSWV showed relatively higher detection sensitivity for VC/RT-PCR. During multiple detection using two or more primers, interference was arisen by interactions between primer-primer and plant species. The result of multiplex RT-PCR was influenced by combinations of primers and the kind of plant, and the optimum extraction buffer for the multiplex detection by VC/RT-PCR should be developed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.289-295
• /
• 1988

An ordinary paddy variety Hwaseong and a high-yielding variety Samgang were taken under investigation to test the effect of top dressing of newly formulated three compound fertilizers on rice plants for at sprouting heads. The fertilizer formulate used were C. F. I (14-0-14; $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$) and C. F. II (14-0-14; $NH_4-N$ only) and C. F. III (14-0-14 + OM 10%; $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$). A field experiment was conducted on a plot of Gyuam series. The following results were obtained: 1. Effects of compound fertilizers at sprouting heads a. Hwaseong variety exhibited 5-10% yielding increases on the plots with application of 2nd compound fertilizer (I) and (II) compared to straight fertilizer of (I) and (III). Fertilization with 2nd and 3rd compound fertilizers gave the best result when they are done 15 days before heading. A yield increase of 3-5% was achieved when the fertilization was done 20 days before heading in the case of Samgang variety, but no beneficial effect was observed with an application 10 days before heading. b. Rate of barren grains was at the minimum in the compound fertilizer (II) plots of both Hwaseong and Samgang varieties. c. Content of $NO_3-N$ in soils and grain yield appeared to be positively correlated($r=0.618^*$) 2. Effects of heading fertilizers on artificially reduced conditions of soil a. No significant difference in Eh values were measured among reduced paddy soils. The compound fertilizer of (II) presented the best result in yield increases regardless of rice variety. b. Rate of barren grains in both varieties was observed at the minimum on the application of compound fertilizer of (II). c. No great difference of mineral contents was detected among plants from different treatments.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2009

Purpose : We evaluated the clinical features of Norovirus gastroenteritis compared with Rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospitalized children. Methods : We detected causative agents in 3,261 samples of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis symptoms at a single center of pediatrics between 2005 and 2006. Among 266 and 303 samples which tested positive for Norovirus and Rotavirus, we selected 73 and 182 samples of children with relatively pure gastroenteritis symptoms and retrospectively analyzed the corresponding medical records. Results : The male-to-female ratio of the Norovirus (+) and Rotavirus (+) groupswas 1.43:1 and 1.56:1 both groups were predominantly in males. The mean age of the Norovirus (+) and Rotavirus (+) groups was 36.7 and 24.4 months, respectively the children in the former group were older than the children in the latter group. The incidence in the Norovirus (+) group was more concentrated in the winter. The symptoms in the Norovirus (+), in decreasing order, included vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The duration of vomiting, diarrhea, and fever was 2.1, 1.2, and 1.2 days. The maximum number of episodes of vomiting and diarrhea per day was 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. The severity score was 10.16. The symptoms inthe Rotavirus (+) group, in decreasing order, included diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. The duration of diarrhea, vomiting, and fever was 2.2, 4.3, and 2.2 days, respectively. The maximum number of episodes of vomiting and diarrhea per day was 3.3 and 6.5, respectively. The severity score was 11.9. The severity in the Norovirus (+) group was somewhat lower than the Rotavirus (+) group. The younger the child, the more severe the symptoms in the Norovirus (+) group. There was no difference between mono-and co-infection in severity and between the two groups regarding the hematologic findings. Conclusion : Based on the findings reported herein, additional studies about prophylaxis, as well as the epidemiology and clinical features of pediatric Norovirus gastroenteritis, are required.