• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2019

The colorants of kale powders were optimally extracted using an 1:1 mixture solvent of ethanol and DMSO at 105℃ for 30 minutes obtaining a high yield of 359.7㎍/mL chlorophylls. Low color fastness of the dyed fabrics with the extracts, particularly against washing and solar radiation, can be overcome by the combined treatments of chitosan, heat setting and tannic acid. Washing fastness to color change was improved from rating 1-2 up to 5 due to the enhanced electrostatic interactions between the colorants and the positive glucosamine unit of the chitosan in the cationized cotton. In addition, the tannic acid treatment contributed to the additional increase in color fastness after the sequential treatments of chitosan pretreatment, dyeing and heat setting.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutritional component changes (chlorophylls, vitamin C, and minerals) in two Korean spinach cultivars (Cheongrok, Ddangddali) according to different growth periods, as well as differences in the components of three plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots). Chlorophyll, vitamin C, Na, and Hunter‘s color a/b values reached maximum levels in the spinach leaves after 35 days of planting, while these components did not significantly change in the stems and roots during the growth period. Chlorophyll and vitamin C contents were higher in the leaves than in thestems and roots. On the other hand, moisture content was higher in the stems than in the leaves and roots, and Fe content was highest in the roots. The vitamin C content of this fresh harvested spinach was 2.5 times higher compared to the existing data (Food Nutritive Value Table 2005).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.377-381
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• 2001

Chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene, crude chlorophylls and carotenoids (CCC) extracts of mustard leaf kimchi were isolated by DEAE-sepharose CL-6B and Sepharose CL-6B colume and TLC. The effects of chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene on linoleic acid autoxidation were examined by the determination of peroxide value and conjugated dienoic acid content. Among them, chlorophyll a showed greater antioxidative activity than others, followed by chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophytin b and $\beta$-carotene. Degradation of pheophytin b was observed to be slower than others and $\beta$-carotene showed highest degradation level during the autoxidation reaction of linoleic acid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.425-440
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• 2000

The physico-chemical characteristics and the concentrations of chlorophylls of coastal seawater were investigated to know the seasonal variations of biological oceanographic environments in the Islands of Ullungdo(U) and Dokdo(D). The samplings of sea water according to different depths were performed four seasons (May, June, August and November) in five stations along the coast of Ullungdo Island and 3 times (June, August and November) in three stations around the coast of Dokdo Island. The seasonal variations of sea water temperature showed that the formation of thermocline in August was distinct in comparison to the other seasons. The sea water in the surface was influenced by low temperature-high salinity in May and with high temperature-low salinity in the investigated area. The amount of seston was high in May (5.3-15.0mg/l) and was low in August (1.4-4.9mg/l) in ullungdo island. for the nutrients or sea water in Ullungdo Island, the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were higher than Dokdo Island (nitrate-max. of U in August : 0.10-11.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/1, max. of D in August : 2.92-8.10$\mu\textrm{g}$/l : ammonium-max. of U in November : 14.18-20.69$\mu\textrm{g}$/l, max. of D in June : 0-1.78 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l). The high concen-tration of chlorophylls showed on the deeper layer from 30 m to 50 m in August (U 30 m : 0.85$\mu\textrm{g}$/l ; D 50m : 1.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l), while the concentrations of chlorophylls were even in May, June and November in the deeper layer of surface layer. In conclusion, the establishment of thermocline in deeper area of the euphotic layer in August was a trigger far the development of phytoplankton, while the complex physico-chemical system by diverse currents and vertical mixing of sea water in the area induced the even distribution of phytoplankton in both epilimnion and hypolimnion in May, June and November.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 1981

Discoloration of canned boiled oysters during storage is one of the serious problems which affect the quality of the products as well as the nutritive value. Usually the factors influencing the quality of canned boiled oysters are the process of pretreatments and the storage temperature of the products. In the present work, the changes of the total chlorophylls and carotenoids in the meat and the viscera of oysters were determined in order to make certain the procedure of the discoloration. In addition, the amino-N and the available lysine as factors of the nutritive value were also checked. In case of treatment with additives, direct addition of syrups containing additives just before seaming or soaking boiled oysters into the solution of additives seemed to have mild effects on retardation of discoloration. The migration of carotenoids from the viscera into the meat was faster than that of chlorophyll resulting in yellowing of the Products preceded greening caused by the chlorophylls. Treatment with $0.5\%\; Na_{2}EDTA\;of\;2.5\%$ brine retarded discoloration and available lysine loss of the Products while sodium-polyphosphate accelerated them. It was probably due to that sodium-polyphosphate could affect the softening or breakdown of the muscle of oysters. But most of all, storage temperature of canned boiled oysters seemed to be the major factor influencing the discoloration and nutritive loss of the products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 1997

In order to evaluate the usefulness of O. javanica for the phytoremediation, it was grown for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days and was exposed to $50\;{\mu}M\;of\;CdCl_2$ in hydroponic medium after 3 weeks. Its biomass and contents of chlorophylls were analyzed. The growth of O. javanica showed little difference between cadmium treated and non-treated groups, while its contents of chlorophylls of Cd-treated group decreased up to 50% compared to the case of non-treated group. Its accumulated cadmium concentrations were 2.1, 7.3 and $113\;{\mu}moles\;Cd/g$ dry weight in the leaf, stem and root, respectively. The total contents of thiol increased 0.5, 1 and 7 times in the leaf, stem and root, respectively, while the contents of glutathione tended to decrease by 43%, 70% and 47% in the leaf, stem and root, respectively. Using HPLC analysis, the reasonable peaks of thiol compounds in shoot and root of Cd-treated sample were compared to those of non-treated sample in O. javanica, and found to be phytochelatins. In case of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi tested as control plant, the cadmium treatment for 3 weeks resulted in the decrease of both biomass and chlorophyll up to 70% and 75%, respectively. The roots of tobacco became rotten and eventually died. These results suggested that Oenanthe javanica is cadmium-tolerant hyperaccumulator.(Received December 20, 1996; accepted March 17, 1997)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.814-818
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate changes in salinity, pH, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and its derivatives of the different gochu-jangachi (unripe hot pepper preserved in soybean paste and soy sauce). As the fermentation proceeded, the salinity of these samples stored at 15$^{\circ}C$ was higher than that stored at 5$^{\circ}C$. The pH of samples was slowly lowered and little different during the fermentation at 5$^{\circ}C$. In the during fermentation at 15$^{\circ}C$, the pH of gochu-jangachi with soybean paste was maintained over 5 until 60 days and that of gochu-jangachi with soy sauce was dropped under 5 after 32 days, after that the value was slowly decreased. As fermentation time passed, the content of ascorbic acid in gochu-jangachi was decreased rapidly at 15$^{\circ}C$ than at 5$^{\circ}C$ and that was disappeared after 16 days (soybean paste) and 20 days (soy sauce). In both samples, the degradation of chlorophyll a was faster than chlorophyll b, especially at 15$^{\circ}C$. The degradation of chlorophylls or production of pheophytin and pheophorbide were closely related to the ascorbic acid content during fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Plants can be grown using a culture medium without soil using a hydroponic system. Crop production by the hydroponic system is likely to increase as a means of solving various problems in the agricultural sector such as aging of rural population and climate change. Different water sources can be used to prepare the culture medium used in the hydroponic system. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of different water sources on crop production by the hydroponic system in order to explore the applicability of various water resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Lettuce was cultivated by the hydroponic system and three different water sources [tap water (TW), bottled water (BW), and groundwater (GW)] were used to compare the effect of water sources on lettuce growth. The three kinds of waters with a nutrient solution (TW-M, BW-M, GW-M) were also used as the media. After the six-week growth period, the lettuce length and weight, the number of leaves, and the contents of chlorophylls and polyphenols were compared among the different media used. The lettuces did not grow in the waters without the nutrient solution. In the media, the lettuce growth and the contents of chlorophylls were affected by the different water sources used to prepare the media, while the contents of polyphenols were not affected. The absorbed amounts of ions by lettuces, especially Ca and Zn ions, and the dry weight of the harvested lettuces showed a strong positive correlation. CONCLUSION(S): Overall, this study shows that different water sources used for growing lettuce in a hydroponic system can affect lettuce growth. Further studies on the enhancement of crop qualities using different water sources may be required in future studies.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2003

We studied the effect of cadmium on chlorophylls and rubisco activation in Canavalia ensiformis L. leaves. Chlorophyll levels were reduced by 5.0 ${\mu}$M Cd. Rubisco activity at 5.0 ${\mu}$M Cd was significantly smaller than that at no treatment. Rubisco Content showed patterns of change similar to rubisco activity. These data suggest that rubisco activity was associated with an amount of rubisco protein, and that the activation and induction of rubisco is inhibited by Cd. The degree of intensity of 50 and 14.5 kD polypeptides identified as the large and small subunit of rubisco by SDS-PAGE analysis at 5.0 ${\mu}$M Cd was significantly lower than that at control, indicating Cd had a e f-fect on both subunits. Under the assumption that effects of Cd on rubisco may be r elated to rubisco activase, in addition to, its activity and content we re determined . The rubisco activase activity at 5.0 ${\mu}$M Cd was more decreased than the control. A similar change pattern was also observed in content of rubisco activase. Remarkable differences in the intensitiy of both the 45 kD and 41 kD band were found between at control and Cd-treatment. These results suggest that the change in the levels of rubisco activase leads to a subsequent alter action of rubisco levels.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.446-452
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• 2012

The effect of heavy metals on seedling growth and pigment levels was studied in Arabidopsis using essential (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and non-essential metals (Pb and Hg). Generally increasing the concentrations of the metals resulted in a gradual decrease in root and shoot lengths, a decrease in chlorophylls, an increase in anthocyanins and a fluctuation in carotenoid content depending on the metal types. The toxicity of the metals decreased in the following order: Cu > Hg > Pb > Zn > Mn. Among the five metals, Cu was exceptionally toxic and the most potent inducer of anthocyanins. Pb induced the smallest quantity of anthocyanins but it was the strongest inducer of carotenoids. It suggests that the Cu-stressed Arabidopsis may use anthocyanins as its main antioxidants while the Pb-stressed Arabidopsis use carotenoids as its main protectants. All of the five metals induced an accumulation of anthocyanins. The consistent increase in anthocyanin content in the metal-stressed Arabidpsis indicates that anthocyanins play a major role in the protection against metal stresses.